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Submit a ProposalDiatom Cultivation for Biofuel, Food and High-Value Products
 | Edited by Vandana Vinayak and Richard Gordon
Series: Diatoms: Biology and Applications Copyright: 2024 | Status: Published ISBN: 9781394174485 | Hardcover | 436 pages Price: $225 USD  |
One Line Description
This unique book examines the techno-economic prospects of diatom cultivation,
the design and implementation of algal reactors, and the potential of diatoms as a source of biofuel and other value-added products.
Audience
The book serves as a guide for researchers and scientists in phycology, biology, ecology, environmental science, biofuels, bioengineering as well as nutritionists and dieticians who design functional foods and nutraceutical products.
The book serves as a guide for researchers and scientists in phycology, biology, ecology, environmental science, biofuels, bioengineering as well as nutritionists and dieticians who design functional foods and nutraceutical products.
Description
Diatom Cultivation for Biofuel, Food, and High-Value Products covers the scientific, economic, and practical aspects of using diatoms for multiple purposes. It explores an integrated approach to diatom cultivation, including discussions on techniques, harvesting methods, and innovative technologies. The book discusses the potential of these techniques for improving the efficiency and yield of diatom-based biofuels, as well as the challenges and ethical considerations associated with genetic engineering.
Readers of the book will discover a wealth of information including:
•The adaptation of chitosan-based harvesting methods for microalgae flocculation; the trends, scope, and techno-economic prospects of diatom cultivation, including the design and implementation of algal reactors and the potential of diatoms as a source of biofuel and other value-added products.
•Advanced applications and innovative techniques in the field of diatoms and microalgae such as an in-depth analysis of the pigments and proteins found in Phaeodactylum tricornutum; the nature and applications of diatom cell walls, including their purification processes and industrial uses; the biochemical engineering of diatoms for health and biorefinery concepts, highlighting the potential of diatoms in producing biofuels and other high-value products; the metabolic and transcriptomic stress and engineering of diatoms to enhance lipid production, exploring the stress conditions that can increase oil yield; explores the genetic engineering techniques, such as CRISPRCas9 and RNA interference.
•The environmental and industrial applications of diatoms for low-value products, such as diatom as a prospective green anode material; diatom cell disruption and milking via a nano biorefinery for biofuel production, utilizing techniques like pulsed electric fields, high-pressure homogenization, ultrasonication, etc; genetic engineering and metabolic engineering in diatoms for oil production; the use of diatoms for heavy metal bioremediation, exploring the mechanisms of heavy metal uptake by diatoms, including biosorption and bioaccumulation; the transesterification of diatom oil and parameters for optimization; diatom harvesting for lipid production like bubble wrap (Bubble Farming).
Back to Top
Diatom Cultivation for Biofuel, Food, and High-Value Products covers the scientific, economic, and practical aspects of using diatoms for multiple purposes. It explores an integrated approach to diatom cultivation, including discussions on techniques, harvesting methods, and innovative technologies. The book discusses the potential of these techniques for improving the efficiency and yield of diatom-based biofuels, as well as the challenges and ethical considerations associated with genetic engineering.
Readers of the book will discover a wealth of information including:
•The adaptation of chitosan-based harvesting methods for microalgae flocculation; the trends, scope, and techno-economic prospects of diatom cultivation, including the design and implementation of algal reactors and the potential of diatoms as a source of biofuel and other value-added products.
•Advanced applications and innovative techniques in the field of diatoms and microalgae such as an in-depth analysis of the pigments and proteins found in Phaeodactylum tricornutum; the nature and applications of diatom cell walls, including their purification processes and industrial uses; the biochemical engineering of diatoms for health and biorefinery concepts, highlighting the potential of diatoms in producing biofuels and other high-value products; the metabolic and transcriptomic stress and engineering of diatoms to enhance lipid production, exploring the stress conditions that can increase oil yield; explores the genetic engineering techniques, such as CRISPRCas9 and RNA interference.
•The environmental and industrial applications of diatoms for low-value products, such as diatom as a prospective green anode material; diatom cell disruption and milking via a nano biorefinery for biofuel production, utilizing techniques like pulsed electric fields, high-pressure homogenization, ultrasonication, etc; genetic engineering and metabolic engineering in diatoms for oil production; the use of diatoms for heavy metal bioremediation, exploring the mechanisms of heavy metal uptake by diatoms, including biosorption and bioaccumulation; the transesterification of diatom oil and parameters for optimization; diatom harvesting for lipid production like bubble wrap (Bubble Farming).
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Author / Editor Details
Vandana Vinayak is an assistant professor in the School of Applied Sciences, Dr. Hari Singh Gour Vishwavidhyalaya University, Sagar, Madhya Pradesh, India. Her research focuses on diatom nanoengineering, sustainable algal technologies, and valorization. She has published more than 50 research articles, 20 review articles, 12 book chapters, and two published patents. Vinayak has won the Women Scientist Award and the Noel Gold Medal Award.
Vandana Vinayak is an assistant professor in the School of Applied Sciences, Dr. Hari Singh Gour Vishwavidhyalaya University, Sagar, Madhya Pradesh, India. Her research focuses on diatom nanoengineering, sustainable algal technologies, and valorization. She has published more than 50 research articles, 20 review articles, 12 book chapters, and two published patents. Vinayak has won the Women Scientist Award and the Noel Gold Medal Award.
Richard Gordon’s involvement with diatoms goes back to 1970, when his capillarity model for their gliding motility was published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. He later worked on a diffusion-limited aggregation model for diatom morphogenesis, which led to the first paper ever published on diatom nanotechnology in 1988. He organized the first workshop on diatom nanotech in 2003.
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Table of Contents
Preface
Acknowledgements
Part I: Culture Methods
1. Adaptation of Chitosan-Based Harvesting Methods for Flocculation of Microalgae
Mainavi Patel, Hirak Parikh and Gayatri Dave
1.1 Microalgae
1.2 Microalgae Cultivation and Challenges
1.3 Microalgae Harvesting: Technological Limitations and Needs
1.4 Harvesting Methods
1.5 Chitosan as Natural Flocculant
1.6 Chitosan in Conjunction with Other Physicochemical Methods
1.6.1 Electroflotation and Mechanical Stirring
1.6.2 Electroflocculation
1.6.3 Synergistic Effects of Chitosan and Inorganic Flocculants
1.6.4 Integrated Flocculation
1.7 Comparison of Different Harvesting Methods
1.8 Conclusion
References
2. Diatoms Cultivation: Trends, Scope and Technoeconomic Prospects
Anshuman Rai, Nirmala Sehrawat, Mukesh Yadav, Varruchi Sharma, Vikas Kumar and Anil K. Sharma
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Cultivation Strategy and Production
2.3 Design and Implementation of a Prototype Algal Reactor
2.4 Potential of Diatoms as a Source of Biofuel with Value-Added Products
2.4.1 Diatoms in the Biofuels Industry
2.4.2 Medical Applications
2.5 Industrial Aspects of Diatoms as a Source of Biofuel
2.5.1 Biomedical Industrial Aspects
2.6 Economic Feasibility Assessment
2.7 Biochemical Composition
2.8 Feedstock Availability Assessment
2.9 Scope of Diatoms in Biorefinery
2.10 Conclusions and Future Prospects
Acknowledgment
Human and Animal Rights and Informed Consent
References
3. Biochemical Compounds in Phaeodactylum tricornutum
Vandana Sirotiya and Vandana Vinayak
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Biochemical Compounds
3.2.1 Pigments
3.2.2 Proteins
3.2.2.1 Hydrolysates
3.2.2.2 Chlorophyll Proteins: 10-Hydroxy-Phaeophorbide A and Phaeophorbide A
3.2.3 Carbohydrates
3.2.3.1 Chrysolaminarin
3.2.3.2 Exopolysaccharides (EPSs)
3.2.3.3 Sulfated Polysaccharides
3.2.4 Lipids
3.2.5 Fatty Acids
3.2.5.1 Omega-3 Fatty Acids
3.3 Demand, Valorization and Biotechnological Applications
3.4 Conclusion
References
Part II: High-Value Products
4. Diatoms: A Natural Resource of High-Valued Products and their Future Prospective
Khushboo Kesharwani, Shruti Sharma, Aanand Kautu, Satyendra Kumar Tripathi, Vikas Kumar and Khashti Ballabh Joshi
4.1 Introduction
4.1.1 Diatom Morphology
4.1.2 General Features of Oil Bodies in Diatoms
4.2 Biosilicification and Silicification as a Crucial Application in Bone Repair
4.3 Effect of Metals as a Therapeutic Application on Diatom Frustules
4.4 Successful Deposition of Metals on Diatom Frustules
4.4.1 Germanium
4.4.2 Titanium
4.4.3 Calcium
4.4.4 Strontium
4.5 Biomedical and Environmental Applications
4.5.1 Biomedical Applications
4.5.2 Environmental Applications
4.6 Deposition of Different Metal Nanoparticles for Various Applications
4.6.1 Iron Oxide Nanoparticles
4.6.2 Silver Nanoparticles
4.6.3 Gold Nanoparticles
4.6.4 Titanium Nanoparticle
4.6.5 Magnetite Nanoparticles
4.7 Interaction of Diatoms with Peptides and Their Plausible Applications
4.8 Diafuel: A Diatom Application with the Most Potential
4.9 Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
5. Diatom Cell Wall: Nature Engineered Nanostructures
Sakshi Phogat, Rashi Tyagi, Abhishek Saxena, Pankaj Kumar Singh and Archana Tiwari
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Nature of Diatom Cell Wall
5.2.1 Biosilicification
5.2.2 Applications
5.3 Purification of Diatoms
5.3.1 Principle
5.3.2 Process
5.3.3 Purification of Raw DE Silica
5.4 Nutritive and High-End Product
5.5 Biofuel Industry
5.6 Factors of Diatom for Producing Biofuel
5.7 Biomedical Industry
5.8 DE Silica for Tissue Engineering
5.9 Nanotechnologically Derived Smart Drug Delivery System
5.10 Future Perspective
5.11 Conclusion
References
6. Biochemical Engineering of Diatoms for Health Benefits
Rishabh Rathore, Pragati Verma, Sonali Raghdale, Avishek Kumar, Mohd Jahir Khan and Vandana Vinayak
6.1 Introduction
6.1.1 Diatom Pigments
6.1.2 Diatoms’ Nutritional Value
6.1.3 Diatoms as Bio-Indicators
6.1.4 Metal Toxicity
6.2 Chemical Composition of Diatom Biomass
6.2.1 Carbohydrate
6.2.2 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid (PUFA)
6.2.3 Pigments
6.3 Microalgae as Hidden Treasure of Novel Drugs for Good Health
6.3.1 Drugs from Microalgae
6.3.2 As a Feed for Aquaculture
6.3.3 Diatoms in Drug Delivery
6.4 Microalgal Drugs in Preventing Viral Pandemics
6.5 Conclusions
References
7. Metabolism and Transcriptome Stress in Diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum for Value-Added Products
Urvashi Soni, Sonali Rahangdale, Megha Mourya and Vandana Vinayak
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Commercial Market Value
7.2.1 Industrial Applications
7.2.2 Types of Foods with Health Benefits from Diatoms
7.3 Metabolic Pathways and Mechanisms for Synthesis of High Value Added Products in Diatoms
7.3.1 Carbon Dioxide Fixation
7.3.2 Photorespiration and Glyoxylate Metabolism
7.3.3 Reductive/Oxidative Pentose Phosphate Pathway
7.3.4 Glycolysis
7.3.5 Storage Products Synthesis and Degradation
7.3.6 Inositol and Propionate Pathway
7.3.7 Biosynthesis Production of Carotenoid in P. tricornutum Diatoms
7.4 Light Stress in Diatoms and Fucoxanthin Biosynthesis
7.5 Transcriptomics in Diatoms
7.5.1 Steps in Transcriptomics Sequencing
7.5.2 Transcriptomic Studies in Phaeodactylum tricornutum Under Various Influential Factors
7.6 Conclusions
References
8. Terraforming Mars with Microalgae, Especially Diatoms
Ira Rai, Jackson Achankunju, Richard Gordon and Vandana Vinayak
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Instrumentation to Artificially Simulate Life on Mars
8.2.1 SpaceQ
8.2.2 GraviSat Platform
8.3 Diatoms for Long-Term Space Missions
8.4 Potential Diatoms for the BLSS: Taxa Tolerant to Extreme Conditions
8.5 Testing Diatom Growth Under Microgravity Conditions
8.5.1 Microgravity and Living Organisms
8.6 Life Support Systems for Space Missions
8.7 Management of the Culture Vessel and Elements
8.8 Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
9. Diatom: Source of Biofuel and Active Green Anode Material for Advanced Energy Storage Application
Vivek Dalvi, Sumit Dhali and Anushree Malik
9.1 Diatoms – Microalgae with Unique Structure and Properties
9.2 Biofuel Application
9.3 Diatom Silica: Material for Li-Ion Battery Anode
9.4 Conclusion
Acknowledgment
References
Part III: Low-Value Products
10. Milking of Diatoms: A Realistic Approach to Serve the Biorefinery Concept
Mrinal Kashyap
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Cell Disruption Methods
10.2.1 Ultrasonication of Cells to Extract Value-Added Compounds
10.2.2 Microwave-Assisted Cell Wall Disruption Method
10.2.3 High-Pressure Homogenization
10.2.4 Chemical Methods
10.2.5 Pulsed Electric Field
10.2.6 Milking of Diatoms
10.3 Concept of Milking Cells for Value-Added Compounds
10.3.1 Advancements in the Milking Approach
10.4 Economic Perspectives of Biofuels and Cell Disruption
10.5 Prospects and Challenges of the Milking Process
10.6 Conclusions
References
11. Dissection of Gene Expression Pattern and Metabolic Profile Under Enhanced Oil Production Conditions in Diatoms
Geetanjali Kumawat, Pallavi Vyas, Sandhya Deora, Sneha Sabu, Amit Kumar Gupta, Mukesh Meena, Ashwani Kumar, Vandana Vinayak and Harish
Abbreviations
11.1 Introduction
11.1.1 Why Algae Over Other Sources?
11.1.2 Basic Cell Structure of Diatoms
11.1.3 Why Diatoms?
11.1.4 Percentage Lipid Extraction as Per Dry Cell Weight
11.1.5 Aquatic Species Programme (ASP)
11.2 Generalized Pathway for Lipid Biosynthesis in Diatoms
11.3 Stress Conditions (Metabolites) Helping to Increase Oil Production
11.3.1 Salt Stress
11.3.2 Urea as a Nitrogen Source
11.3.3 Nutrient Stress
11.3.4 Light Stress
11.3.5 Nanoparticle Stress
11.3.6 Nitrogen Stress
11.3.7 Phosphorus Stress
11.3.8 Silicon Stress
11.3.9 Temperature Stress
11.3.10 POME-Based Biofuel
11.4 Changes in Gene Expression in Diatoms During Stress Conditions
11.5 Structural and Functional Aspect of Candidate Genes/Enzymes of Lipid Biosynthesis Pathway
11.6 Role of rDNA Technology in Improving Diatom Strains for Enhanced Lipid Production
References
12. Implications of Diatoms for Heavy Metal Bioremediation
Varad Nagar, Vinay Aseri, Rushikesh Chopade, Pritam P. Pandit, Badal Mavry, Apoorva Singh, Garima Awasthi, Kumud Kant Awasthi and Mahipal Singh Sankhla
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Mechanism for Heavy Metal Removal by Diatoms
12.3 Bioremediation and Biosorption of Heavy Metals
12.4 Challenges
12.5 Advantage of Diatoms Over Other Techniques and Algae
12.6 Production of Diatoms on a Commercial Scale and Its Application
12.7 Future Aspects
12.8 Conclusion
References
13. Optimizing Bioenergy from Diatoms through Biofilms
G. Saranya and T.V. Ramachandra
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Different Configurations of Biofilm Cultivation Systems
13.3 Surface Materials for Biofilm Cultivation
13.3.1 Biofilm Bioreactor Design
13.3.2 Lab-Scale Biofilm Bioreactor
13.3.3 Operating Conditions for Diatom Cultivation
13.3.4 Field Biofilm Bioreactor
13.3.5 Evaluation of Algal Growth in Biofilms Grown under Field Conditions
13.3.6 Growth Dynamics of Lab-Cultivated Diatom and In-Field Bioreactor
13.3.7 Isolation and Identification of Bacteria in Biofilm
13.3.8 Bacterial Morphology Studies using DAPI
13.3.9 Species Interaction during Biofilm Cultivation
13.3.10 Biofilm Bacteria Identification through Molecular Sequencing
13.3.11 Diatom Sampling and Analysis
13.3.12 Biomass Yield and Productivity
13.3.13 Statistical Analysis
13.3.14 Optimization of Reaction Parameters for Direct Transesterification
13.3.15 Direct Transesterification of the Field Harvested Biomass
13.3.16 Biodiesel Extraction and Determination of Its Quality
13.4 Microalgal Biorefinery
13.4.1 Material Balance
13.5 Conclusion and Future Perspectives
Acknowledgments
Funding
Research Ethics
Animal Ethics
References
14. Diatoms Characteristics and Mass Processing of Lipids for Biofuel Production
Tawaf Ali Shah, Zhihe Li, Zhiyu Li and Andong Zhang
14.1 Diatoms
14.2 Reproduction
14.3 Ecology and Distribution
14.4 Morphology and Identification
14.5 Diatom Age, Diversity and Ecological Functions
14.6 Biofuel Production and Types of Biofuels
14.6.1 First-Generation Biofuels
14.6.2 Second-Generation Biofuels
14.6.3 Third-Generation Biofuels
14.6.4 Diatoms Mass and Lipids for Biofuel
14.6.5 Growth, Biomass and Lipid Extraction
14.7 Different Methods of Lipid Extraction for Biofuel
14.7.1 Plastic Bubble Wrap for Diatom Cultivation
14.7.2 Spontaneous Oozing
14.7.3 Mechanical Pressure
14.7.4 High-Pressure Homogenization
14.7.5 Ball Milling
14.7.6 Microwave Oven
14.7.7 Transesterification
14.8 Benefits of Diatoms
14.9 Genetic Engineering and Metabolic Pathway Engineering
14.10 Future Prospects
14.11 Conclusion
Acknowledgment and Funding
Data Availability
References
Index
Back to Top
Preface
Acknowledgements
Part I: Culture Methods
1. Adaptation of Chitosan-Based Harvesting Methods for Flocculation of Microalgae
Mainavi Patel, Hirak Parikh and Gayatri Dave
1.1 Microalgae
1.2 Microalgae Cultivation and Challenges
1.3 Microalgae Harvesting: Technological Limitations and Needs
1.4 Harvesting Methods
1.5 Chitosan as Natural Flocculant
1.6 Chitosan in Conjunction with Other Physicochemical Methods
1.6.1 Electroflotation and Mechanical Stirring
1.6.2 Electroflocculation
1.6.3 Synergistic Effects of Chitosan and Inorganic Flocculants
1.6.4 Integrated Flocculation
1.7 Comparison of Different Harvesting Methods
1.8 Conclusion
References
2. Diatoms Cultivation: Trends, Scope and Technoeconomic Prospects
Anshuman Rai, Nirmala Sehrawat, Mukesh Yadav, Varruchi Sharma, Vikas Kumar and Anil K. Sharma
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Cultivation Strategy and Production
2.3 Design and Implementation of a Prototype Algal Reactor
2.4 Potential of Diatoms as a Source of Biofuel with Value-Added Products
2.4.1 Diatoms in the Biofuels Industry
2.4.2 Medical Applications
2.5 Industrial Aspects of Diatoms as a Source of Biofuel
2.5.1 Biomedical Industrial Aspects
2.6 Economic Feasibility Assessment
2.7 Biochemical Composition
2.8 Feedstock Availability Assessment
2.9 Scope of Diatoms in Biorefinery
2.10 Conclusions and Future Prospects
Acknowledgment
Human and Animal Rights and Informed Consent
References
3. Biochemical Compounds in Phaeodactylum tricornutum
Vandana Sirotiya and Vandana Vinayak
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Biochemical Compounds
3.2.1 Pigments
3.2.2 Proteins
3.2.2.1 Hydrolysates
3.2.2.2 Chlorophyll Proteins: 10-Hydroxy-Phaeophorbide A and Phaeophorbide A
3.2.3 Carbohydrates
3.2.3.1 Chrysolaminarin
3.2.3.2 Exopolysaccharides (EPSs)
3.2.3.3 Sulfated Polysaccharides
3.2.4 Lipids
3.2.5 Fatty Acids
3.2.5.1 Omega-3 Fatty Acids
3.3 Demand, Valorization and Biotechnological Applications
3.4 Conclusion
References
Part II: High-Value Products
4. Diatoms: A Natural Resource of High-Valued Products and their Future Prospective
Khushboo Kesharwani, Shruti Sharma, Aanand Kautu, Satyendra Kumar Tripathi, Vikas Kumar and Khashti Ballabh Joshi
4.1 Introduction
4.1.1 Diatom Morphology
4.1.2 General Features of Oil Bodies in Diatoms
4.2 Biosilicification and Silicification as a Crucial Application in Bone Repair
4.3 Effect of Metals as a Therapeutic Application on Diatom Frustules
4.4 Successful Deposition of Metals on Diatom Frustules
4.4.1 Germanium
4.4.2 Titanium
4.4.3 Calcium
4.4.4 Strontium
4.5 Biomedical and Environmental Applications
4.5.1 Biomedical Applications
4.5.2 Environmental Applications
4.6 Deposition of Different Metal Nanoparticles for Various Applications
4.6.1 Iron Oxide Nanoparticles
4.6.2 Silver Nanoparticles
4.6.3 Gold Nanoparticles
4.6.4 Titanium Nanoparticle
4.6.5 Magnetite Nanoparticles
4.7 Interaction of Diatoms with Peptides and Their Plausible Applications
4.8 Diafuel: A Diatom Application with the Most Potential
4.9 Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
5. Diatom Cell Wall: Nature Engineered Nanostructures
Sakshi Phogat, Rashi Tyagi, Abhishek Saxena, Pankaj Kumar Singh and Archana Tiwari
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Nature of Diatom Cell Wall
5.2.1 Biosilicification
5.2.2 Applications
5.3 Purification of Diatoms
5.3.1 Principle
5.3.2 Process
5.3.3 Purification of Raw DE Silica
5.4 Nutritive and High-End Product
5.5 Biofuel Industry
5.6 Factors of Diatom for Producing Biofuel
5.7 Biomedical Industry
5.8 DE Silica for Tissue Engineering
5.9 Nanotechnologically Derived Smart Drug Delivery System
5.10 Future Perspective
5.11 Conclusion
References
6. Biochemical Engineering of Diatoms for Health Benefits
Rishabh Rathore, Pragati Verma, Sonali Raghdale, Avishek Kumar, Mohd Jahir Khan and Vandana Vinayak
6.1 Introduction
6.1.1 Diatom Pigments
6.1.2 Diatoms’ Nutritional Value
6.1.3 Diatoms as Bio-Indicators
6.1.4 Metal Toxicity
6.2 Chemical Composition of Diatom Biomass
6.2.1 Carbohydrate
6.2.2 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid (PUFA)
6.2.3 Pigments
6.3 Microalgae as Hidden Treasure of Novel Drugs for Good Health
6.3.1 Drugs from Microalgae
6.3.2 As a Feed for Aquaculture
6.3.3 Diatoms in Drug Delivery
6.4 Microalgal Drugs in Preventing Viral Pandemics
6.5 Conclusions
References
7. Metabolism and Transcriptome Stress in Diatom Phaeodactylum tricornutum for Value-Added Products
Urvashi Soni, Sonali Rahangdale, Megha Mourya and Vandana Vinayak
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Commercial Market Value
7.2.1 Industrial Applications
7.2.2 Types of Foods with Health Benefits from Diatoms
7.3 Metabolic Pathways and Mechanisms for Synthesis of High Value Added Products in Diatoms
7.3.1 Carbon Dioxide Fixation
7.3.2 Photorespiration and Glyoxylate Metabolism
7.3.3 Reductive/Oxidative Pentose Phosphate Pathway
7.3.4 Glycolysis
7.3.5 Storage Products Synthesis and Degradation
7.3.6 Inositol and Propionate Pathway
7.3.7 Biosynthesis Production of Carotenoid in P. tricornutum Diatoms
7.4 Light Stress in Diatoms and Fucoxanthin Biosynthesis
7.5 Transcriptomics in Diatoms
7.5.1 Steps in Transcriptomics Sequencing
7.5.2 Transcriptomic Studies in Phaeodactylum tricornutum Under Various Influential Factors
7.6 Conclusions
References
8. Terraforming Mars with Microalgae, Especially Diatoms
Ira Rai, Jackson Achankunju, Richard Gordon and Vandana Vinayak
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Instrumentation to Artificially Simulate Life on Mars
8.2.1 SpaceQ
8.2.2 GraviSat Platform
8.3 Diatoms for Long-Term Space Missions
8.4 Potential Diatoms for the BLSS: Taxa Tolerant to Extreme Conditions
8.5 Testing Diatom Growth Under Microgravity Conditions
8.5.1 Microgravity and Living Organisms
8.6 Life Support Systems for Space Missions
8.7 Management of the Culture Vessel and Elements
8.8 Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
9. Diatom: Source of Biofuel and Active Green Anode Material for Advanced Energy Storage Application
Vivek Dalvi, Sumit Dhali and Anushree Malik
9.1 Diatoms – Microalgae with Unique Structure and Properties
9.2 Biofuel Application
9.3 Diatom Silica: Material for Li-Ion Battery Anode
9.4 Conclusion
Acknowledgment
References
Part III: Low-Value Products
10. Milking of Diatoms: A Realistic Approach to Serve the Biorefinery Concept
Mrinal Kashyap
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Cell Disruption Methods
10.2.1 Ultrasonication of Cells to Extract Value-Added Compounds
10.2.2 Microwave-Assisted Cell Wall Disruption Method
10.2.3 High-Pressure Homogenization
10.2.4 Chemical Methods
10.2.5 Pulsed Electric Field
10.2.6 Milking of Diatoms
10.3 Concept of Milking Cells for Value-Added Compounds
10.3.1 Advancements in the Milking Approach
10.4 Economic Perspectives of Biofuels and Cell Disruption
10.5 Prospects and Challenges of the Milking Process
10.6 Conclusions
References
11. Dissection of Gene Expression Pattern and Metabolic Profile Under Enhanced Oil Production Conditions in Diatoms
Geetanjali Kumawat, Pallavi Vyas, Sandhya Deora, Sneha Sabu, Amit Kumar Gupta, Mukesh Meena, Ashwani Kumar, Vandana Vinayak and Harish
Abbreviations
11.1 Introduction
11.1.1 Why Algae Over Other Sources?
11.1.2 Basic Cell Structure of Diatoms
11.1.3 Why Diatoms?
11.1.4 Percentage Lipid Extraction as Per Dry Cell Weight
11.1.5 Aquatic Species Programme (ASP)
11.2 Generalized Pathway for Lipid Biosynthesis in Diatoms
11.3 Stress Conditions (Metabolites) Helping to Increase Oil Production
11.3.1 Salt Stress
11.3.2 Urea as a Nitrogen Source
11.3.3 Nutrient Stress
11.3.4 Light Stress
11.3.5 Nanoparticle Stress
11.3.6 Nitrogen Stress
11.3.7 Phosphorus Stress
11.3.8 Silicon Stress
11.3.9 Temperature Stress
11.3.10 POME-Based Biofuel
11.4 Changes in Gene Expression in Diatoms During Stress Conditions
11.5 Structural and Functional Aspect of Candidate Genes/Enzymes of Lipid Biosynthesis Pathway
11.6 Role of rDNA Technology in Improving Diatom Strains for Enhanced Lipid Production
References
12. Implications of Diatoms for Heavy Metal Bioremediation
Varad Nagar, Vinay Aseri, Rushikesh Chopade, Pritam P. Pandit, Badal Mavry, Apoorva Singh, Garima Awasthi, Kumud Kant Awasthi and Mahipal Singh Sankhla
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Mechanism for Heavy Metal Removal by Diatoms
12.3 Bioremediation and Biosorption of Heavy Metals
12.4 Challenges
12.5 Advantage of Diatoms Over Other Techniques and Algae
12.6 Production of Diatoms on a Commercial Scale and Its Application
12.7 Future Aspects
12.8 Conclusion
References
13. Optimizing Bioenergy from Diatoms through Biofilms
G. Saranya and T.V. Ramachandra
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Different Configurations of Biofilm Cultivation Systems
13.3 Surface Materials for Biofilm Cultivation
13.3.1 Biofilm Bioreactor Design
13.3.2 Lab-Scale Biofilm Bioreactor
13.3.3 Operating Conditions for Diatom Cultivation
13.3.4 Field Biofilm Bioreactor
13.3.5 Evaluation of Algal Growth in Biofilms Grown under Field Conditions
13.3.6 Growth Dynamics of Lab-Cultivated Diatom and In-Field Bioreactor
13.3.7 Isolation and Identification of Bacteria in Biofilm
13.3.8 Bacterial Morphology Studies using DAPI
13.3.9 Species Interaction during Biofilm Cultivation
13.3.10 Biofilm Bacteria Identification through Molecular Sequencing
13.3.11 Diatom Sampling and Analysis
13.3.12 Biomass Yield and Productivity
13.3.13 Statistical Analysis
13.3.14 Optimization of Reaction Parameters for Direct Transesterification
13.3.15 Direct Transesterification of the Field Harvested Biomass
13.3.16 Biodiesel Extraction and Determination of Its Quality
13.4 Microalgal Biorefinery
13.4.1 Material Balance
13.5 Conclusion and Future Perspectives
Acknowledgments
Funding
Research Ethics
Animal Ethics
References
14. Diatoms Characteristics and Mass Processing of Lipids for Biofuel Production
Tawaf Ali Shah, Zhihe Li, Zhiyu Li and Andong Zhang
14.1 Diatoms
14.2 Reproduction
14.3 Ecology and Distribution
14.4 Morphology and Identification
14.5 Diatom Age, Diversity and Ecological Functions
14.6 Biofuel Production and Types of Biofuels
14.6.1 First-Generation Biofuels
14.6.2 Second-Generation Biofuels
14.6.3 Third-Generation Biofuels
14.6.4 Diatoms Mass and Lipids for Biofuel
14.6.5 Growth, Biomass and Lipid Extraction
14.7 Different Methods of Lipid Extraction for Biofuel
14.7.1 Plastic Bubble Wrap for Diatom Cultivation
14.7.2 Spontaneous Oozing
14.7.3 Mechanical Pressure
14.7.4 High-Pressure Homogenization
14.7.5 Ball Milling
14.7.6 Microwave Oven
14.7.7 Transesterification
14.8 Benefits of Diatoms
14.9 Genetic Engineering and Metabolic Pathway Engineering
14.10 Future Prospects
14.11 Conclusion
Acknowledgment and Funding
Data Availability
References
Index
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