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Submit a ProposalSustainable Agriculture
One Line Description
Discover how the convergence of IoT precision farming and renewable energy is transforming modern agriculture, equipping you with the actionable roadmap needed to build and scale sustainable, high-yield food systems for the future.
Description
As the global population continues to rise, there is an escalating demand for food production that must be met sustainably. In pursuit of sustainable food production, the significance of integrating the Internet of Things and renewable energy in agriculture cannot be overstated. This book addresses this pressing need by presenting a roadmap for harnessing the power of technology and renewable resources to optimize agricultural processes. The book is a comprehensive exploration of the intersection between modern agricultural practices, cutting-edge technologies, and sustainable energy solutions that provides a deep understanding of how the integration of the Internet of Things and renewable energy sources is reshaping the landscape of agriculture. It delves into the foundational concepts of smart agriculture, focusing on the role of IoT devices in precision farming and resource optimization. The exploration extends further into the incorporation of renewable energy sources, such as solar and wind, to power these smart systems. This book caters to the needs of professionals and enthusiasts alike by offering a comprehensive resource that bridges the gap between theory and application. The practical insights provided empower readers to navigate the evolving landscape of agriculture, fostering a more sustainable future.
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As the global population continues to rise, there is an escalating demand for food production that must be met sustainably. In pursuit of sustainable food production, the significance of integrating the Internet of Things and renewable energy in agriculture cannot be overstated. This book addresses this pressing need by presenting a roadmap for harnessing the power of technology and renewable resources to optimize agricultural processes. The book is a comprehensive exploration of the intersection between modern agricultural practices, cutting-edge technologies, and sustainable energy solutions that provides a deep understanding of how the integration of the Internet of Things and renewable energy sources is reshaping the landscape of agriculture. It delves into the foundational concepts of smart agriculture, focusing on the role of IoT devices in precision farming and resource optimization. The exploration extends further into the incorporation of renewable energy sources, such as solar and wind, to power these smart systems. This book caters to the needs of professionals and enthusiasts alike by offering a comprehensive resource that bridges the gap between theory and application. The practical insights provided empower readers to navigate the evolving landscape of agriculture, fostering a more sustainable future.
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Author / Editor Details
Souvik Ganguli, PhD is an Assistant Professor at the Thapar Institute of Engineering and Technology, Patiala, India. He received his Ph.D. from Thapar Institute of Engineering and Technology, Patiala and has more than 19 years of teaching and industry experience. He has published more than 50 papers in leading journals, conferences, and book chapters and has 15 granted patents to his credit.
Souvik Ganguli, PhD is an Assistant Professor at the Thapar Institute of Engineering and Technology, Patiala, India. He received his Ph.D. from Thapar Institute of Engineering and Technology, Patiala and has more than 19 years of teaching and industry experience. He has published more than 50 papers in leading journals, conferences, and book chapters and has 15 granted patents to his credit.
Sunanda Sinha, PhD is an Assistant Professor at the Malaviya National Institute of Technology, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India. She received his PhD from National Institute of Technology, Hamirpur and has more than five years of teaching experience. She has published more than 80 papers for scientific and technical journals and conferences and has been awarded two patents.
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Table of Contents
Preface
1. Current Progress and Future Directions in Sustainable Farming
Shiva Gorjian, Sergio Vélez and Hamed Mokhtarzadeh
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Overview of Sustainable Practices in Agricultural
1.2.1 Sustainable Management of Crop and Soil
1.2.1.1 Biotechnological Agriculture
1.2.1.2 Organic Farming
1.2.1.3 Integrated Nutrient Management
1.2.1.4 Conservation Agriculture
1.2.2 Agroforestry Practices
1.3 Innovative Strategies for Sustainable Agriculture
1.3.1 Renewable Energy Integration
1.3.2 Smart Technologies in Agriculture
1.3.2.1 IoT in Agriculture
1.3.2.2 Remote Sensing Technologies for Monitoring
1.3.2.3 Automation and Robotics in Agriculture
1.3.3 Urban Farming
1.4 Socioecological and Policy Support
1.4.1 Socioecological Models for Farming
1.4.2 Policy Interventions and Incentives
1.4.3 Support for New-Entry Sustainable Farmers
1.5 Conclusions and Future Directions
Acknowledgment
References
2. Smart and Sustainable Agricultural Practice: Challenges
and Future Prospects
Mukul Machhindra Barwant, Shreya Singh and Odangowei Inetiminebi Ogidi
List of Abbreviations
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Farming Evolution from Traditional to Smart Farming
2.3 Benefits of Smart Farming
2.3.1 Increased Productivity
2.3.2 Sustainability
2.3.3 Cost Savings
2.3.4 Improved Crop Quality
2.3.5 Better Decision-Making
2.4 Role of IoT in Smart Farming
2.4.1 Precision Agriculture
2.4.2 Weather Monitoring
2.4.3 Crop Monitoring
2.4.4 Livestock Management
2.4.5 Automated Machinery
2.4.6 Remote Monitoring and Control
2.4.7 Data-Driven Decision-Making
2.4.8 Supply Chain Integration
2.5 Artificial Intelligence Applications in Agriculture
2.6 Resource Optimization in Smart Farming
2.6.1 Satellite Agriculture
2.6.1.1 GPS Technology
2.6.1.2 Autonomous Machinery
2.6.2 Water Management
2.6.2.1 IoT Sensors
2.6.2.2 Drip Irrigation Systems
2.6.3 Energy Management
2.6.3.1 Renewable Energy Integration
2.6.3.2 Smart Grids
2.6.3.3 Fertilization Strategies
2.6.3.4 Variable Rate Technology
2.6.3.5 Crop Rotation and Diversity
2.6.3.6 Cover Cropping
2.6.4 Livestock Management
2.6.4.1 AI-Powered Feeding Systems
2.6.4.2 Behavior Monitoring
2.6.5 Supply Chain Integration
2.6.5.1 Blockchain Technology
2.6.5.2 Predictive Analytics
2.7 Challenges in Adopting Smart Farming
2.7.1 Costs
2.7.2 Training
2.7.3 Infrastructure
2.7.3.1 Data Management
2.7.3.2 Security and Privacy
2.8 Future Prospects in Smart Farming
2.9 Conclusion
References
3. Basic Issues Among Agricultural Population in Himachal
Villages: A Way Forward with Policy Recommendations
toward Sustainability
Astha Pandey, Pankaj Kataria, Arpita Ghosh and Parul Malik
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Literature Review
3.2.1 Research Questions
3.3 Data and Methodology
3.4 Results and Discussion
3.4.1 Improper Waste Disposal
3.4.2 Poor Sanitation
3.4.3 Lack of Clean Water
3.4.4 Poor Road Infrastructure
3.4.5 Unemployment
3.4.6 Lack of Awareness
3.5 Conclusion
3.6 Recommendations
References
4. Analysis and Impacts of Soil Health Card Scheme in Salgarha, Tripura
Rajashree Lodh and Subhashis Chowdhury
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Literature Review
4.3 Study Area
4.4 Soil Health Status and Probable Reasons
4.4.1 SHC Recommendation
4.5 Results and Discussion
4.5.1 Relation between Nutrient Availability and Selected Crop Production and Yield
4.5.2 Cropping Pattern
4.5.3 Benefits of SHC and Challenges of Farmers
4.6 Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
5. Growing Green: Sustainable Farming Strategies for the Future
Harpreet Kaur Channi, Ramandeep Sandhu, Phuke Rakesh Rao and Deepika Ghai
5.1 Introduction
5.2 AI-Driven Precision Agriculture
5.2.1 ML Applications in Agriculture
5.2.1.1 Agriculture Tasks Categorization
5.2.2 Automation and Robotics
5.2.2.1 Powered by AI Robots and Drones
5.2.2.2 Automation of Planting, Weeding, and Collecting
5.2.2.3 Cultivating Tasks Productivity and Consistency
5.2.3 Climate-Resilient Crop Development
5.2.4 Renewable Energy Integration
5.2.5 Water Management with AI
5.2.6 Intelligent Supply Chains
5.2.6.1 Anticipating Business Sector Interest
5.2.6.2 Decreasing Food Squander
5.2.6.3 Guaranteeing Ideal Conveyance of Produce
5.3 Case Studies on Crop Yield Optimization with AI on Google Colab Notebook
5.3.1 Results and Discussion
5.3.1.1 Scatterplot: Crop Yield versus Temperature with Rainfall
5.3.1.2 Pairplot: Temperature, Rainfall, and Crop Yield
5.3.1.3 Actual versus Predicted Crop Yield Plot
5.3.1.4 Residual Plot of Crop Yield
5.4 Challenges and Future Prospects of AI in Sustainable Farming
5.4.1 Technological and Economic Barriers
5.4.2 Future Trends in AI and Sustainable Farming
5.5 Conclusion
References
6. Technological Advancement in Irrigation Methods in India: A Way toward Sustainable Agriculture
Rigzen Angmo, R. K. Srivastava, Sushmita M. Dadhich and Arpita Ghosh
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Insights of Different Irrigation Methods
6.2.1 Surface Irrigation System
6.2.1.1 Uncontrolled Flooding
6.2.1.2 Controlled Flooding
6.2.2 Subsurface Irrigation
6.2.3 Pressurized Irrigation Technology
6.2.3.1 Sprinkler Irrigation System
6.2.3.2 Drip Irrigation Systems
6.2.3.3 Limitation of Sprinkler and Drip Irrigation
6.2.4 Needs of Smart Irrigation System
6.2.4.1 Smart Irrigation System
6.2.5 Arduino-Based Smart Irrigation System Using IoT
6.2.5.1 Arduino UNO
6.2.5.2 Sensors Used in this Automated Irrigation System
6.2.6 Case Study I on Smart Irrigation System Using IoT
6.2.6.1 Smart Irrigation System Using Robotics
6.2.6.2 Barriers of Smart Irrigation
6.2.7 Case Study II on Automated Irrigation System
6.3 Discussion
6.4 Conclusion and Recommendations
References
7. Importance of Residue Management for Promoting Smart Agriculture
Rickwinder Singh, Sahil Sahil, Dishant Goyal, Ajit Kasodekar, Dalu Ram and Vivekanand Vivekanand
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Current Status of Waste Management in the Agriculture Sector
7.2.1 Traditional Waste Management Practices
7.2.1.1 Composting
7.2.1.2 Mulching
7.2.1.3 Animal Feed
7.3 Innovations in AW Management
7.3.1 Smart Waste Management Solutions
7.4 Paybacks of Smart Waste Management in Terms of Energy and Products
7.5 Directions and Research Needs
7.5.1 AI/ML and Blockchain
7.5.2 Areas for Further Research
7.5.2.1 Sustainable Practices
7.5.2.2 Long-Term Impact of Studies
7.6 Conclusion
References
8. Analysis on Decadal Variation of Reservoir Area and Perimeter with Respect to Rainfall and Population
Rajashree Lodh, Subhashis Chowdhury and Sukanta Roga
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Literature Review
8.3 Study Area
8.4 Methodology
8.5 Results and Discussion
8.6 Conclusion
8.7 Remedial Measures
References
9. A Holistic Approach to Sustainable Agriculture: Recent
Trends in Irrigation, Organic Farming and Beyond
Snehashis Ghoshal and Arindam Mondal
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Sustainability and Agriculture
9.3 Sustainable Farming Practices
9.3.1 Crop Rotation
9.3.2 Polyculture
9.3.3 Green Manures and Cover Crops
9.3.4 Conservation Tillage
9.3.5 Precision Farming
9.3.6 Organic Farming
9.3.7 Agroforestry
9.3.8 Sustainable Irrigation System
9.3.9 Horticulture
9.3.10 Medicinal Plant Farming
9.3.11 Agrophotovoltaic
9.3.12 The Role of Artificial Intelligence in Sustainable Agriculture
9.4 Diversified Agricultural Product
9.5 Role of Transport Sector on Sustainable Agriculture
9.6 Role of Crop Residue in Environment Pollution and Possible Sustainable Remedies
9.7 Conclusion
References
10. Application of Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning in Agriculture
Samidha Saxena and Rajat Saxena
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Understanding AI, ML, and Deep Learning
10.3 Precision Farming
10.4 AI Application in Agriculture
10.4.1 Soil Health Monitoring
10.4.2 Yield Prediction
10.4.3 Crop Monitoring
10.4.4 Irrigation
10.4.5 Insect and Plant Disease Detection
10.4.6 Intelligent Spraying
10.4.7 Automatic Weeding
10.4.8 Smart Machinery
10.4.9 Drones
10.5 The Future of AI in Agriculture
10.6 Conclusion
References
11. Artificial Intelligence–Driven Sustainable Agriculture:
Challenges, Applications and Emerging Trends
Kajal, Mithilesh Kumar Dubey, Khalil Ahmed and Devendra Kumar Pandey
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Farming Methods
11.2.1 Terrace Farming
11.2.2 Primitive Subsistence Agriculture
11.2.3 Extensive Agriculture
11.2.4 Shifting Cultivation
11.3 Steps of Farming
11.3.1 Soil Preparation
11.3.2 Sowing
11.3.3 Adding Fertilizers or Manure to the Soil
11.3.4 Irrigation
11.3.5 Harvesting
11.3.6 Storage of Crops
11.4 Challenges in Sustainable Agriculture
11.4.1 Preharvesting of Crop
11.4.1.1 Seed Challenges in Agriculture
11.4.1.2 Weed Challenges in Farming
11.4.1.3 Pesticide, Environmental, and Climatic Challenges Related to Agriculture
11.4.1.4 Irrigation Challenges in Agriculture
11.4.1.5 Disease Challenges in Agriculture
11.4.2 Harvesting of Crops
11.4.2.1 Crop Quality Assessment
11.4.2.2 Fruit Disease Detection and Classification in Crops
11.4.3 Postharvesting in Crops
11.5 AI in Sustainable Agriculture
11.5.1 AI Technologies in Sustainable Agriculture
11.5.1.1 Soil Health Monitoring
11.5.1.2 Weed Management
11.5.1.3 Disease Detection
11.5.1.4 Pest Management
11.5.1.5 Sensors and Drone Technology
11.5.1.6 Agricultural Robotics
11.5.2 Challenges in AI Adoption in Sustainable Agriculture
11.5.2.1 Implementation and Deployment Cost
11.5.2.2 Maintenance of Technology
11.5.2.3 Inexperience with Cutting-Edge Technologies
11.5.2.4 Data Security and Privacy Concerns
11.5.2.5 Integrating Information and Compatibility
11.5.2.6 Reliability and Acceptance
11.5.2.7 Expertise and Training
11.5.3 Emerging Trends in the Agriculture Sector
11.6 Conclusion
References
12. Agriculture 5.0: Role of Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, and Internet of Things in Sustainable Agriculture, Applications, and Future Directions
Khalil Ahmed, Mithilesh Kumar Dubey, Kajal, Devendra Kumar Pandey and Sudha Dubey
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Smart Sustainable Agriculture Evolution
12.3 Smart Agriculture Process
12.4 Smart Sensors and Sensing Mechanisms in Sustainable Agriculture
12.5 AI and the IoT Applications for Sustainable Agriculture
12.5.1 Smart Monitoring
12.5.2 Agrochemical Application
12.5.3 Disease Management
12.5.4 Water Management
12.5.5 Smart Harvesting
12.5.6 Supply Chain Management
12.6 Conclusion and Future Directions
References
13. IoT-Based Solutions in Modern Agriculture
Raj Kumari, Monika Nagar and Shreya Saha
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Computerized Imaging Used in Farming
13.3 System Architecture
13.4 Technologies Used in Smart Farming
13.4.1 Global Positioning System
13.4.2 Geographic Information System
13.4.3 Crop Management
13.4.4 Sensor Technology
13.4.5 Software
13.5 Integration with Precision Agriculture
13.5.1 Predictive Kalman Filter
13.5.2 Using Decision Trees as AI-Based Prediction
13.6 Off-Season Vegetation
13.7 Research and Development Needs
13.7.1 Resource Optimization
13.7.2 Precision Agriculture
13.7.3 Reduced Manual Labor
13.7.4 Energy Efficiency
13.7.5 Long-Term Benefits
13.7.6 Customizable Solutions
13.7.7 Data-Driven Decision-Making
13.8 Conclusion
References
14. Agri-Drones for Weed Detection and Control
Aarushi Chatterjee and Souvik Ganguli
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Weed Detection Technologies in Agri-Drones
14.2.1 Imaging Technologies
14.2.1.1 Multispectral Imaging
14.2.1.2 Hyperspectral Imaging
14.2.1.3 RGB Cameras
14.2.1.4 Thermal Imaging
14.2.1.5 LiDAR
14.2.2 ML and AI in Weed Detection
14.3 Weed Control Strategies with Agri-Drones
14.3.1 Precision Herbicide Spraying
14.3.2 Nonchemical Weed Control
14.3.2.1 Mechanical Weeding
14.3.2.2 Laser-Based Weed Control
14.4 Field Implementation: Case Studies
14.4.1 Case Study 1: Smallholder Farms
14.4.1.1 Background
14.4.1.2 Methodology
14.4.1.3 Outcomes
14.4.2 Case Study 2: Large-Scale Cereal Farms in North America
14.4.2.1 Background
14.4.2.2 Methodology
14.4.2.3 Outcomes
14.4.3 Case Study 3: Organic Vegetable Farms in California
14.4.3.1 Background
14.4.3.2 Methodology
14.4.3.3 Outcomes
14.4.4 Case Study 4: Rice Paddy Fields in Southeast Asia
14.4.4.1 Background
14.4.4.2 Methodology
14.4.4.3 Outcomes
14.4.5 Case Study 5: Corn Farms in Argentina
14.4.5.1 Background
14.4.5.2 Methodology
14.4.5.3 Outcomes
14.4.6 Case Study 6: Olive Farms in Spain
14.4.6.1 Background
14.4.6.2 Methodology
14.4.6.3 Outcomes
14.4.7 Case Study 7: Sugarcane Farms in Brazil
14.4.7.1 Background
14.4.7.2 Methodology
14.4.7.3 Outcomes
14.4.8 Case Study 8: Tea Plantations in India
14.4.8.1 Background
14.4.8.2 Methodology
14.4.8.3 Outcomes
14.4.9 Case Study 9: Cotton Farms in Australia
14.4.9.1 Background
14.4.9.2 Methodology
14.4.9.3 Outcomes
14.5 Economic and Environmental Impacts of Drone-Based Weed Management
14.5.1 Economic Benefits
14.5.2 Environmental Sustainability
14.6 Challenges and Limitations
14.6.1 Cost Barriers
14.6.2 Regulatory Issues
14.6.3 Weather Sensitivity
14.7 Future Directions
14.7.1 AI-Enhanced Autonomy
14.7.2 Swarm Drones
14.7.3 Integration with IoT and Blockchain
14.7.4 Sustainable Weed Management
14.8 Conclusion
References
15. Challenges in Millet Production: A Review toward Industry 4.0 Aspects Including Precision Farming Techniques
Asmita Saroha, Arpita Ghosh and Ananya Das
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Scope of the Study
15.3 Methodology
15.4 Findings from Secondary Data
15.5 Critical Discussion
15.5.1 Industry 4.0 in Agriculture
15.5.2 Precision Farming Techniques
15.5.3 International Year of Millet
15.5.4 Challenges
15.6 Conclusion
15.6.1 National Policy Recommendations
References
16. Innovations and Practices in Sustainable Agriculture:
Balancing Productivity and Environmental Stewardship for a Resilient Future
B.B. Nayak, Shende Amit, Thulisekari Prasanna, D. Mrudula and G. Bhargavi
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Historical Context and Evolution of Sustainable Agriculture
16.3 The Urgent Need for Sustainable Agriculture: Addressing Modern Challenges
16.4 Ways to Achieve Sustainable Agriculture in the Future
16.4.1 Precision Agriculture
16.4.2 Enhancing Soil Health
16.4.2.1 Conservation Agriculture Practices
16.4.2.2 Regenerative Agriculture
16.4.2.3 Cover Cropping
16.4.3 Urban and Vertical Farming
16.4.4 Circular Agriculture
16.4.5 Conservation of Agroecology and Biodiversity
16.4.5.1 Crop Diversification
16.4.5.2 Agroforestry
16.4.6 Integrated Pest Management
16.4.7 Postharvest Technologies and Food Waste Reduction
16.4.8 Education and Training
16.4.9 Policy and Economic Considerations
16.5 Barriers to the Adoption of Sustainable Agricultural Practices
16.6 Global Initiatives Toward Sustainable Agriculture
16.7 Initiatives Taken toward Sustainable Agriculture in India
by Different Stakeholders
16.8 Success Stories of Sustainable Agricultural Practices
16.9 Way Forward
16.10 Conclusion
References
17. Empowering Agriculture with Renewables: A Path toward Sustainability and Economic Growth
Aaina Sharma, Akhil Bharti, Kulvir Singh Saini and Sultan Singh
Introduction
Energy Requirement in Agriculture
Harnessing Solar Power for Agriculture
Solar-Powered Irrigation Systems
PV-Based Pumping System
Solar Energy–Assisted Drying
Solar Energy for Farm Houses
Space Heating and Cooling of Greenhouse
Solar-Powered Tractors
Solar-Powered Spraying Implements
Solar-Powered Agricultural Robots
Wind Energy Solutions for Farms
Water Pumping Systems Driven by Wind Power
Wind-Powered Greenhouse Management
Windmills to Grind Grains
Future Perspective
Conclusion
References
18. Design and Implementation of Remote Irrigation Control
System Using LoRaWAN
Abhisekh Behera and Roop Pahuja
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Literature Review
18.2.1 The Research Gaps
18.2.2 Objectives Carried Out
18.3 Proposed Remote Irrigation Control Model
18.3.1 Proposed Model
18.3.2 Irrigation Valve Control
18.3.3 Sensor Modelling
18.3.4 Physical Variable Monitoring GUI
18.3.5 Backend Software Interface
18.3.6 Developed Graphical User Interface for Application Program
18.3.7 Fuzzy Logic Controller (FLC) Design and Simulation
18.3.8 Raspberry Pi 4 Code Development Platform
18.4 Results and Discussion
18.4.1 Sensor Models
18.4.2 Experimental Setup
18.4.3 Irrigation pH Notification
18.4.4 LabVIEW Application Program with Control Action
18.5 Conclusion
Future Scope
Acknowledgments
Availability Statement
References
Index
Back to Top
Preface
1. Current Progress and Future Directions in Sustainable Farming
Shiva Gorjian, Sergio Vélez and Hamed Mokhtarzadeh
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Overview of Sustainable Practices in Agricultural
1.2.1 Sustainable Management of Crop and Soil
1.2.1.1 Biotechnological Agriculture
1.2.1.2 Organic Farming
1.2.1.3 Integrated Nutrient Management
1.2.1.4 Conservation Agriculture
1.2.2 Agroforestry Practices
1.3 Innovative Strategies for Sustainable Agriculture
1.3.1 Renewable Energy Integration
1.3.2 Smart Technologies in Agriculture
1.3.2.1 IoT in Agriculture
1.3.2.2 Remote Sensing Technologies for Monitoring
1.3.2.3 Automation and Robotics in Agriculture
1.3.3 Urban Farming
1.4 Socioecological and Policy Support
1.4.1 Socioecological Models for Farming
1.4.2 Policy Interventions and Incentives
1.4.3 Support for New-Entry Sustainable Farmers
1.5 Conclusions and Future Directions
Acknowledgment
References
2. Smart and Sustainable Agricultural Practice: Challenges
and Future Prospects
Mukul Machhindra Barwant, Shreya Singh and Odangowei Inetiminebi Ogidi
List of Abbreviations
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Farming Evolution from Traditional to Smart Farming
2.3 Benefits of Smart Farming
2.3.1 Increased Productivity
2.3.2 Sustainability
2.3.3 Cost Savings
2.3.4 Improved Crop Quality
2.3.5 Better Decision-Making
2.4 Role of IoT in Smart Farming
2.4.1 Precision Agriculture
2.4.2 Weather Monitoring
2.4.3 Crop Monitoring
2.4.4 Livestock Management
2.4.5 Automated Machinery
2.4.6 Remote Monitoring and Control
2.4.7 Data-Driven Decision-Making
2.4.8 Supply Chain Integration
2.5 Artificial Intelligence Applications in Agriculture
2.6 Resource Optimization in Smart Farming
2.6.1 Satellite Agriculture
2.6.1.1 GPS Technology
2.6.1.2 Autonomous Machinery
2.6.2 Water Management
2.6.2.1 IoT Sensors
2.6.2.2 Drip Irrigation Systems
2.6.3 Energy Management
2.6.3.1 Renewable Energy Integration
2.6.3.2 Smart Grids
2.6.3.3 Fertilization Strategies
2.6.3.4 Variable Rate Technology
2.6.3.5 Crop Rotation and Diversity
2.6.3.6 Cover Cropping
2.6.4 Livestock Management
2.6.4.1 AI-Powered Feeding Systems
2.6.4.2 Behavior Monitoring
2.6.5 Supply Chain Integration
2.6.5.1 Blockchain Technology
2.6.5.2 Predictive Analytics
2.7 Challenges in Adopting Smart Farming
2.7.1 Costs
2.7.2 Training
2.7.3 Infrastructure
2.7.3.1 Data Management
2.7.3.2 Security and Privacy
2.8 Future Prospects in Smart Farming
2.9 Conclusion
References
3. Basic Issues Among Agricultural Population in Himachal
Villages: A Way Forward with Policy Recommendations
toward Sustainability
Astha Pandey, Pankaj Kataria, Arpita Ghosh and Parul Malik
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Literature Review
3.2.1 Research Questions
3.3 Data and Methodology
3.4 Results and Discussion
3.4.1 Improper Waste Disposal
3.4.2 Poor Sanitation
3.4.3 Lack of Clean Water
3.4.4 Poor Road Infrastructure
3.4.5 Unemployment
3.4.6 Lack of Awareness
3.5 Conclusion
3.6 Recommendations
References
4. Analysis and Impacts of Soil Health Card Scheme in Salgarha, Tripura
Rajashree Lodh and Subhashis Chowdhury
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Literature Review
4.3 Study Area
4.4 Soil Health Status and Probable Reasons
4.4.1 SHC Recommendation
4.5 Results and Discussion
4.5.1 Relation between Nutrient Availability and Selected Crop Production and Yield
4.5.2 Cropping Pattern
4.5.3 Benefits of SHC and Challenges of Farmers
4.6 Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
5. Growing Green: Sustainable Farming Strategies for the Future
Harpreet Kaur Channi, Ramandeep Sandhu, Phuke Rakesh Rao and Deepika Ghai
5.1 Introduction
5.2 AI-Driven Precision Agriculture
5.2.1 ML Applications in Agriculture
5.2.1.1 Agriculture Tasks Categorization
5.2.2 Automation and Robotics
5.2.2.1 Powered by AI Robots and Drones
5.2.2.2 Automation of Planting, Weeding, and Collecting
5.2.2.3 Cultivating Tasks Productivity and Consistency
5.2.3 Climate-Resilient Crop Development
5.2.4 Renewable Energy Integration
5.2.5 Water Management with AI
5.2.6 Intelligent Supply Chains
5.2.6.1 Anticipating Business Sector Interest
5.2.6.2 Decreasing Food Squander
5.2.6.3 Guaranteeing Ideal Conveyance of Produce
5.3 Case Studies on Crop Yield Optimization with AI on Google Colab Notebook
5.3.1 Results and Discussion
5.3.1.1 Scatterplot: Crop Yield versus Temperature with Rainfall
5.3.1.2 Pairplot: Temperature, Rainfall, and Crop Yield
5.3.1.3 Actual versus Predicted Crop Yield Plot
5.3.1.4 Residual Plot of Crop Yield
5.4 Challenges and Future Prospects of AI in Sustainable Farming
5.4.1 Technological and Economic Barriers
5.4.2 Future Trends in AI and Sustainable Farming
5.5 Conclusion
References
6. Technological Advancement in Irrigation Methods in India: A Way toward Sustainable Agriculture
Rigzen Angmo, R. K. Srivastava, Sushmita M. Dadhich and Arpita Ghosh
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Insights of Different Irrigation Methods
6.2.1 Surface Irrigation System
6.2.1.1 Uncontrolled Flooding
6.2.1.2 Controlled Flooding
6.2.2 Subsurface Irrigation
6.2.3 Pressurized Irrigation Technology
6.2.3.1 Sprinkler Irrigation System
6.2.3.2 Drip Irrigation Systems
6.2.3.3 Limitation of Sprinkler and Drip Irrigation
6.2.4 Needs of Smart Irrigation System
6.2.4.1 Smart Irrigation System
6.2.5 Arduino-Based Smart Irrigation System Using IoT
6.2.5.1 Arduino UNO
6.2.5.2 Sensors Used in this Automated Irrigation System
6.2.6 Case Study I on Smart Irrigation System Using IoT
6.2.6.1 Smart Irrigation System Using Robotics
6.2.6.2 Barriers of Smart Irrigation
6.2.7 Case Study II on Automated Irrigation System
6.3 Discussion
6.4 Conclusion and Recommendations
References
7. Importance of Residue Management for Promoting Smart Agriculture
Rickwinder Singh, Sahil Sahil, Dishant Goyal, Ajit Kasodekar, Dalu Ram and Vivekanand Vivekanand
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Current Status of Waste Management in the Agriculture Sector
7.2.1 Traditional Waste Management Practices
7.2.1.1 Composting
7.2.1.2 Mulching
7.2.1.3 Animal Feed
7.3 Innovations in AW Management
7.3.1 Smart Waste Management Solutions
7.4 Paybacks of Smart Waste Management in Terms of Energy and Products
7.5 Directions and Research Needs
7.5.1 AI/ML and Blockchain
7.5.2 Areas for Further Research
7.5.2.1 Sustainable Practices
7.5.2.2 Long-Term Impact of Studies
7.6 Conclusion
References
8. Analysis on Decadal Variation of Reservoir Area and Perimeter with Respect to Rainfall and Population
Rajashree Lodh, Subhashis Chowdhury and Sukanta Roga
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Literature Review
8.3 Study Area
8.4 Methodology
8.5 Results and Discussion
8.6 Conclusion
8.7 Remedial Measures
References
9. A Holistic Approach to Sustainable Agriculture: Recent
Trends in Irrigation, Organic Farming and Beyond
Snehashis Ghoshal and Arindam Mondal
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Sustainability and Agriculture
9.3 Sustainable Farming Practices
9.3.1 Crop Rotation
9.3.2 Polyculture
9.3.3 Green Manures and Cover Crops
9.3.4 Conservation Tillage
9.3.5 Precision Farming
9.3.6 Organic Farming
9.3.7 Agroforestry
9.3.8 Sustainable Irrigation System
9.3.9 Horticulture
9.3.10 Medicinal Plant Farming
9.3.11 Agrophotovoltaic
9.3.12 The Role of Artificial Intelligence in Sustainable Agriculture
9.4 Diversified Agricultural Product
9.5 Role of Transport Sector on Sustainable Agriculture
9.6 Role of Crop Residue in Environment Pollution and Possible Sustainable Remedies
9.7 Conclusion
References
10. Application of Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning in Agriculture
Samidha Saxena and Rajat Saxena
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Understanding AI, ML, and Deep Learning
10.3 Precision Farming
10.4 AI Application in Agriculture
10.4.1 Soil Health Monitoring
10.4.2 Yield Prediction
10.4.3 Crop Monitoring
10.4.4 Irrigation
10.4.5 Insect and Plant Disease Detection
10.4.6 Intelligent Spraying
10.4.7 Automatic Weeding
10.4.8 Smart Machinery
10.4.9 Drones
10.5 The Future of AI in Agriculture
10.6 Conclusion
References
11. Artificial Intelligence–Driven Sustainable Agriculture:
Challenges, Applications and Emerging Trends
Kajal, Mithilesh Kumar Dubey, Khalil Ahmed and Devendra Kumar Pandey
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Farming Methods
11.2.1 Terrace Farming
11.2.2 Primitive Subsistence Agriculture
11.2.3 Extensive Agriculture
11.2.4 Shifting Cultivation
11.3 Steps of Farming
11.3.1 Soil Preparation
11.3.2 Sowing
11.3.3 Adding Fertilizers or Manure to the Soil
11.3.4 Irrigation
11.3.5 Harvesting
11.3.6 Storage of Crops
11.4 Challenges in Sustainable Agriculture
11.4.1 Preharvesting of Crop
11.4.1.1 Seed Challenges in Agriculture
11.4.1.2 Weed Challenges in Farming
11.4.1.3 Pesticide, Environmental, and Climatic Challenges Related to Agriculture
11.4.1.4 Irrigation Challenges in Agriculture
11.4.1.5 Disease Challenges in Agriculture
11.4.2 Harvesting of Crops
11.4.2.1 Crop Quality Assessment
11.4.2.2 Fruit Disease Detection and Classification in Crops
11.4.3 Postharvesting in Crops
11.5 AI in Sustainable Agriculture
11.5.1 AI Technologies in Sustainable Agriculture
11.5.1.1 Soil Health Monitoring
11.5.1.2 Weed Management
11.5.1.3 Disease Detection
11.5.1.4 Pest Management
11.5.1.5 Sensors and Drone Technology
11.5.1.6 Agricultural Robotics
11.5.2 Challenges in AI Adoption in Sustainable Agriculture
11.5.2.1 Implementation and Deployment Cost
11.5.2.2 Maintenance of Technology
11.5.2.3 Inexperience with Cutting-Edge Technologies
11.5.2.4 Data Security and Privacy Concerns
11.5.2.5 Integrating Information and Compatibility
11.5.2.6 Reliability and Acceptance
11.5.2.7 Expertise and Training
11.5.3 Emerging Trends in the Agriculture Sector
11.6 Conclusion
References
12. Agriculture 5.0: Role of Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, and Internet of Things in Sustainable Agriculture, Applications, and Future Directions
Khalil Ahmed, Mithilesh Kumar Dubey, Kajal, Devendra Kumar Pandey and Sudha Dubey
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Smart Sustainable Agriculture Evolution
12.3 Smart Agriculture Process
12.4 Smart Sensors and Sensing Mechanisms in Sustainable Agriculture
12.5 AI and the IoT Applications for Sustainable Agriculture
12.5.1 Smart Monitoring
12.5.2 Agrochemical Application
12.5.3 Disease Management
12.5.4 Water Management
12.5.5 Smart Harvesting
12.5.6 Supply Chain Management
12.6 Conclusion and Future Directions
References
13. IoT-Based Solutions in Modern Agriculture
Raj Kumari, Monika Nagar and Shreya Saha
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Computerized Imaging Used in Farming
13.3 System Architecture
13.4 Technologies Used in Smart Farming
13.4.1 Global Positioning System
13.4.2 Geographic Information System
13.4.3 Crop Management
13.4.4 Sensor Technology
13.4.5 Software
13.5 Integration with Precision Agriculture
13.5.1 Predictive Kalman Filter
13.5.2 Using Decision Trees as AI-Based Prediction
13.6 Off-Season Vegetation
13.7 Research and Development Needs
13.7.1 Resource Optimization
13.7.2 Precision Agriculture
13.7.3 Reduced Manual Labor
13.7.4 Energy Efficiency
13.7.5 Long-Term Benefits
13.7.6 Customizable Solutions
13.7.7 Data-Driven Decision-Making
13.8 Conclusion
References
14. Agri-Drones for Weed Detection and Control
Aarushi Chatterjee and Souvik Ganguli
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Weed Detection Technologies in Agri-Drones
14.2.1 Imaging Technologies
14.2.1.1 Multispectral Imaging
14.2.1.2 Hyperspectral Imaging
14.2.1.3 RGB Cameras
14.2.1.4 Thermal Imaging
14.2.1.5 LiDAR
14.2.2 ML and AI in Weed Detection
14.3 Weed Control Strategies with Agri-Drones
14.3.1 Precision Herbicide Spraying
14.3.2 Nonchemical Weed Control
14.3.2.1 Mechanical Weeding
14.3.2.2 Laser-Based Weed Control
14.4 Field Implementation: Case Studies
14.4.1 Case Study 1: Smallholder Farms
14.4.1.1 Background
14.4.1.2 Methodology
14.4.1.3 Outcomes
14.4.2 Case Study 2: Large-Scale Cereal Farms in North America
14.4.2.1 Background
14.4.2.2 Methodology
14.4.2.3 Outcomes
14.4.3 Case Study 3: Organic Vegetable Farms in California
14.4.3.1 Background
14.4.3.2 Methodology
14.4.3.3 Outcomes
14.4.4 Case Study 4: Rice Paddy Fields in Southeast Asia
14.4.4.1 Background
14.4.4.2 Methodology
14.4.4.3 Outcomes
14.4.5 Case Study 5: Corn Farms in Argentina
14.4.5.1 Background
14.4.5.2 Methodology
14.4.5.3 Outcomes
14.4.6 Case Study 6: Olive Farms in Spain
14.4.6.1 Background
14.4.6.2 Methodology
14.4.6.3 Outcomes
14.4.7 Case Study 7: Sugarcane Farms in Brazil
14.4.7.1 Background
14.4.7.2 Methodology
14.4.7.3 Outcomes
14.4.8 Case Study 8: Tea Plantations in India
14.4.8.1 Background
14.4.8.2 Methodology
14.4.8.3 Outcomes
14.4.9 Case Study 9: Cotton Farms in Australia
14.4.9.1 Background
14.4.9.2 Methodology
14.4.9.3 Outcomes
14.5 Economic and Environmental Impacts of Drone-Based Weed Management
14.5.1 Economic Benefits
14.5.2 Environmental Sustainability
14.6 Challenges and Limitations
14.6.1 Cost Barriers
14.6.2 Regulatory Issues
14.6.3 Weather Sensitivity
14.7 Future Directions
14.7.1 AI-Enhanced Autonomy
14.7.2 Swarm Drones
14.7.3 Integration with IoT and Blockchain
14.7.4 Sustainable Weed Management
14.8 Conclusion
References
15. Challenges in Millet Production: A Review toward Industry 4.0 Aspects Including Precision Farming Techniques
Asmita Saroha, Arpita Ghosh and Ananya Das
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Scope of the Study
15.3 Methodology
15.4 Findings from Secondary Data
15.5 Critical Discussion
15.5.1 Industry 4.0 in Agriculture
15.5.2 Precision Farming Techniques
15.5.3 International Year of Millet
15.5.4 Challenges
15.6 Conclusion
15.6.1 National Policy Recommendations
References
16. Innovations and Practices in Sustainable Agriculture:
Balancing Productivity and Environmental Stewardship for a Resilient Future
B.B. Nayak, Shende Amit, Thulisekari Prasanna, D. Mrudula and G. Bhargavi
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Historical Context and Evolution of Sustainable Agriculture
16.3 The Urgent Need for Sustainable Agriculture: Addressing Modern Challenges
16.4 Ways to Achieve Sustainable Agriculture in the Future
16.4.1 Precision Agriculture
16.4.2 Enhancing Soil Health
16.4.2.1 Conservation Agriculture Practices
16.4.2.2 Regenerative Agriculture
16.4.2.3 Cover Cropping
16.4.3 Urban and Vertical Farming
16.4.4 Circular Agriculture
16.4.5 Conservation of Agroecology and Biodiversity
16.4.5.1 Crop Diversification
16.4.5.2 Agroforestry
16.4.6 Integrated Pest Management
16.4.7 Postharvest Technologies and Food Waste Reduction
16.4.8 Education and Training
16.4.9 Policy and Economic Considerations
16.5 Barriers to the Adoption of Sustainable Agricultural Practices
16.6 Global Initiatives Toward Sustainable Agriculture
16.7 Initiatives Taken toward Sustainable Agriculture in India
by Different Stakeholders
16.8 Success Stories of Sustainable Agricultural Practices
16.9 Way Forward
16.10 Conclusion
References
17. Empowering Agriculture with Renewables: A Path toward Sustainability and Economic Growth
Aaina Sharma, Akhil Bharti, Kulvir Singh Saini and Sultan Singh
Introduction
Energy Requirement in Agriculture
Harnessing Solar Power for Agriculture
Solar-Powered Irrigation Systems
PV-Based Pumping System
Solar Energy–Assisted Drying
Solar Energy for Farm Houses
Space Heating and Cooling of Greenhouse
Solar-Powered Tractors
Solar-Powered Spraying Implements
Solar-Powered Agricultural Robots
Wind Energy Solutions for Farms
Water Pumping Systems Driven by Wind Power
Wind-Powered Greenhouse Management
Windmills to Grind Grains
Future Perspective
Conclusion
References
18. Design and Implementation of Remote Irrigation Control
System Using LoRaWAN
Abhisekh Behera and Roop Pahuja
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Literature Review
18.2.1 The Research Gaps
18.2.2 Objectives Carried Out
18.3 Proposed Remote Irrigation Control Model
18.3.1 Proposed Model
18.3.2 Irrigation Valve Control
18.3.3 Sensor Modelling
18.3.4 Physical Variable Monitoring GUI
18.3.5 Backend Software Interface
18.3.6 Developed Graphical User Interface for Application Program
18.3.7 Fuzzy Logic Controller (FLC) Design and Simulation
18.3.8 Raspberry Pi 4 Code Development Platform
18.4 Results and Discussion
18.4.1 Sensor Models
18.4.2 Experimental Setup
18.4.3 Irrigation pH Notification
18.4.4 LabVIEW Application Program with Control Action
18.5 Conclusion
Future Scope
Acknowledgments
Availability Statement
References
Index
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