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Drug Delivery Systems for the Management of Dermatological Disorders

Edited by Neeraj Mishra, Nimisha, Tanweer Haider and Arun Kumar Singh
Copyright: 2026   |   Status: Published
ISBN: 9781394338771  |  Hardcover  |  
650 pages
Price: $325 USD
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One Line Description
Unlock the full potential of next-generation dermatological therapies with this definitive, authoritative guide that seamlessly bridges advanced formulation chemistry with practical, disease-targeted strategies for drug delivery.

Audience
Pharmaceutical scientists, dermatologists, analytical scientists, and healthcare professionals, academics, and researchers actively involved in pharmaceutical products and processes related to drug and gene delivery, as well as biomedical applications.

Description
Lipidic nanocarriers represent a transformative approach to cutaneous drug delivery by enhancing localized transport, therapeutic efficacy, and safety profiles. This volume systematically examines the structural architecture, formulation chemistry, and preparation methodologies of nanovesicular carriers. Through dedicated coverage of dermal and transdermal delivery platforms, it bridges theoretical principles with actionable strategies to address complex drug administration challenges. Additionally, the text explores targeted nanomedicines for specific cutaneous pathologies, including dermatitis, acne vulgaris, psoriasis, and skin malignancies, as well as liposomal platforms, analyzing their structural characteristics and the precise mechanisms governing topical and transdermal penetration. Ultimately, this text serves as an authoritative resource for researchers, clinical practitioners, and pharmaceutical developers advancing targeted cutaneous therapeutics.
Readers will find the volume:
• Showcases the latest advancements in drug delivery systems designed specifically to overcome the challenges of skin penetration and enhance therapeutic outcomes;
• Provides targeted delivery strategies tailored for a wide range of dermatological conditions, including psoriasis, eczema, acne, and skin cancers, bridging pharmaceutical innovation with clinical relevance;
• Explores the journey of dermatological formulations, addressing both preclinical development and translational hurdles for effective skin-targeted therapy;
• Addresses formulation stability, safety assessment, and regulatory challenges unique to dermatological drug delivery, making it a critical reference for product development and commercialization.

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Author / Editor Details
Neeraj Mishra, PhD is a Professor at the Amity Institute of Pharmacy, Amity University, Gwalior, India with more than 20 years of teaching and research experience. He has published more than 100 articles in international journals and conferences of repute, ten books, and 25 book chapters. He has also been granted three international patents and two Indian patents. His research focuses on novel drug delivery systems,
localized drug delivery, targeted and controlled drug delivery of nanocarriers and microparticles for the treatment of breast and colon cancer and neurodegenerative disorders.

Nimisha, PhD is an Associate Professor in the Amity Institute of Pharmacy, Amity University Lucknow Campus, India with more than 16 years of teaching and research experience. She has presented papers in more than 50 national and international conferences and holds a granted Indian patent and an additional published patent. Her research interests include novel drug delivery systems, dermatological disorders, wound healing, nanovesicular systems for herbal phytoconstituents, and nanocrystals for the treatment of breast and skin cancer.

Tanweer Haider, PhD is a Research Scientist at Intas Pharmaceutical Ltd. Biopharma Division, Ahmedabad, India. He has made significant contributions to his field, with more than 30 research articles in renowned journals, 12 book chapters, and one edited book to his credit. His research interests focus on novel drug delivery systems, targeted and controlled drug delivery, particulate and vesiculate nanocarriers, nanomedicine, tumor targeting, targeted drug delivery, and quality by design.

Arun Kumar is an Assistant Professor in the Department of Pharmacy, Vivekananda Global University, Jaipur, India. He has published one authored book, eleven edited books, five chapters, and 20 review papers. His areas of interest include nanoformulation, blockchain, IoT, machine learning, cancer, artificial intelligence, big data, and neuroscience.

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Table of Contents
Preface
1. Molecular Composition and Functionality of the Skin: A Chemical Perspective
Pranav Kumar Prabhakar, Tarun Kumar Upadhyay and Sarad Pawar Naik Bukke
Introduction
Skin Composition and Its Biochemistry
Other Layers or Components of Human Skin
Biochemistry of the Skin
Signaling Molecules
Oxidative Stress and Antioxidants
Extracellular Matrix (ECM)
Microbiome
Biochemical Pathways in the Skin
Synthesis and Metabolism of Biomolecules in the Skin
Proteins
Lipids
Ceramide Synthesis
Fatty Acid Synthesis
Sebum Synthesis
Carbohydrates
Glycosaminoglycan Synthesis
Glycogen Synthesis
Nucleic Acids
Role of Lipids, Amino Acids, and Vitamins in Skin Health
Metabolic Pathways and Molecular Signaling Mechanisms
Oxidative Stress and Antioxidant Defense
Skin Microbiome: Interactions and Implications
Composition and Diversity of the Skin Microbiome
Microbial Diversity and Function
Interactions between Microbes and the Host Immune System
Contribution of the Skin Microbiome to Skin Health and Immunity
Skin Microbiome and Skin Disorders
References
2. Dermatologic Pharmacology of Skin Disorders
Abhay Upadhyay, Akhil Padha, Nikita Nayak, Tuhin Mukherjee and Satyajit Mohanty
2.1 Introduction: Skin Disorders
2.1.1 Autoimmune Skin Conditions
2.1.1.1 Psoriasis
2.1.1.2 Scleroderma
2.1.1.3 Cutaneous Lupus
2.1.1.4 Dermatomyositis
2.1.1.5 Behcet Disease
2.1.1.6 Ocular Cicatricial Pemphigoid (OCP)
2.1.1.7 Pemphigus
2.1.1.8 Epidermolysis Bullosa Acquisita (EBA)
2.1.1.9 Bullous Pemphigoid
2.1.2 Importance of Pharmacological Implication in Skin Disorders
2.1.2.1 Targeted Action against Pathogens
2.1.2.2 Prevention of Complications
2.1.2.3 Reduction of Symptoms and Improvement of Life
2.1.2.4 Prevention of Disease Transmission
2.1.2.5 Evidence-Based Efficacy
2.1.2.6 Management of Chronic and Severe Conditions
2.1.2.7 Specialized Treatments for Specific Conditions
2.1.2.8 Speed of Recovery
2.2 Anatomy of Skin
2.2.1 Skin Layers
2.2.2 Epidermis: The Uppermost Layer of the Skin
2.2.3 Dermis: The Second Layer of the Human Skin
2.2.4 Hypodermis
2.2.5 Embryology of Skin Development
2.2.6 Functions of the Skin
2.3 Drug Absorption through Skin
2.4 Principles of Dermatologic Pharmacology
2.4.1 Routes of Drug Administration for Skin Disorders
2.4.1.1 Tropical
2.4.1.2 Oral Medications
2.4.1.3 Injections
2.5 Systemic Agents and Topical Agents Used in Skin Disorder
2.5.1 Retinoids
2.5.2 Topical Retinoids
2.5.3 Oral Retinoids
2.5.4 Acitretin
2.5.5 Topical and Oral Antibiotics Used in Skin Disorder
2.5.6 Calcineurin Inhibitors
2.5.7 Topical and Systemic Antifungals
2.5.8 Moisturizers
2.5.9 Antihistamines and Immunomodulators
2.6 Pharmacotherapy for Specific Skin Disorders
2.7 Herbal Treatments for Dermatologic Disorders
2.7.1 Alopecia
2.7.2 Chronic Venous Insufficiency
2.7.3 Acne
2.7.4 Bacterial and Fungal Infections of Skin
2.7.5 Dermatitis
2.7.6 Herpes Zoster
2.7.7 Pruritus
2.7.8 Skin Cancer
2.7.9 Wounds and Burns
2.7.10 Scabies
2.8 Future Directions in Dermatologic Pharmacology
2.9 Conclusion
References
3. Role of Polymers for Skin Disorders
Anshita Gupta Soni, Renjil Joshi and Chanchal Deep Kaur
3.1 Introduction
3.1.1 Introduction to Skin Disorders
3.1.2 Physiological Functions of the Skin
3.1.3 Layers of the Skin
3.2 Role of the Stratum Corneum in Drug Penetration
3.3 Challenges in Drug Delivery to the Skin
3.3.1 Barrier Properties of the Stratum Corneum
3.3.2 Variability in Skin Permeability
3.3.3 Patient Adherence and Compliance
3.4 Advancements in Polymer-Based Drug Delivery Systems
3.4.1 Nanotechnology Approaches in Polymer-Drug Delivery
3.4.2 Nanoparticle-Polymer Conjugates
3.4.3 Polymeric Micelles
3.4.4 Dendrimers
3.4.5 Hydrogels
3.4.6 Nanofibers
3.5 Controlled Release Mechanism of Polymers in Topical Formulations
3.6 Polymer Selection Criteria for Skin Disorders
3.6.1 Biocompatibility
3.6.2 Mechanical Properties
3.6.3 Biodegradability
3.6.4 Drug Delivery Capabilities
3.6.5 Permeability and Barrier Function
3.6.6 Ease of Processing and Application
3.6.7 Cost-Effectiveness
3.7 Compatibility of Polymers with Various Drugs and Skin Types
3.7.1 Compatibility with Various Drugs
3.7.2 Compatibility with Various Skin Types
3.8 Role of Biodegradable and Biocompatible Polymers in Skin
Diseases
3.8.1 Biodegradable Polymers in Drug Delivery
3.8.2 Biocompatible and Biodegradable Polymers in Drug Delivery
3.9 Herbal Polymers for Topical Formulations
3.10 Safety and Regulatory Considerations of Using Polymers for Skin Diseases
3.10.1 Regulatory Considerations While Using Polymers for Dermatological Purposes
3.10.2 Prospects for Enhancing Efficacy and Safety of Biodegradable and Biocompatible Polymers to Facilitate Drug Delivery in Skin Disorders
3.10.3 Current Landscape
3.10.4 Enhancing Efficacy
3.10.5 Enhancing Safety
3.10.6 Future Directions
3.11 Conclusion
References
4. Role of Lipidic Nano Carriers for Skin Disorders
Nagaraju Bandaru, Nalla Swathi, Prashik B. Dudhe and Makarand Suresh Gambhire
4.1 Introduction to Lipid Nano Carriers
4.1.1 Lipid Based Nano Carriers – An Overview
4.1.2 Importance in Dermatological Applications
4.2 Structure and Composition of Skin
4.2.1 Skin and Its Layers
4.2.2 Skin Barrier Function
4.2.3 Challenges in Drug Delivery via Skin
4.3 Role of Lipidic Nano Carriers in Treating Skin Disorders
4.3.1 Psoriasis
4.3.2 Role of Lipidic Nanocarriers in Treating Atopic Dermatitis
4.3.2.1 Polymer-Based Nanoparticles
4.3.2.2 Lipid-Based Nanoparticles
4.3.2.3 Nano Suspension
4.3.2.4 Emerging Nanomaterials for Treating AD
4.3.2.5 Ethosomes
4.3.2.6 Nanofibers
4.3.2.7 Nanosponges
4.3.3 Role of Lipidic Nano Carriers in Treating Acne
4.3.4 Role of Lipidic Nano Carriers in Treating Skin Cancers
4.4 Challenges and Future Directions
4.5 Conclusion
References
5. Novel Delivery Systems for the Management of Skin Cancer
Ayush Madan, Biplab Debnath, Riya Dave, Himanshu Sharma, Radheshyam Pal and Sumel Ashique
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Pathogenesis of Skin Cancer
5.3 Biological Barriers for Skin Cancer Therapeutics
5.4 Convention Dosage Form for Skin Cancer Treatment
5.5 Limitation of Convention Dosage Form in Skin Cancer Treatment
5.5.1 Limitations of Oral Dosage Forms
5.5.1.1 Poor or Low Bioavailability
5.5.1.2 Systemic Toxicity Caused by Chemotherapeutic Drugs
5.5.1.3 Patient Non-Compliance
5.5.2 Limitations of Injectable Dosage Forms
5.5.2.1 Invasive Nature
5.5.2.2 Risk of Infection
5.5.3 Limitations of Topical Dosage Forms
5.5.3.1 Poor or Limited Penetration
5.5.3.2 Local Irritation or Contact Allergy
5.6 Phytomedicines for Skin Cancer Treatment
5.6.1 Phenolic Compounds
5.6.2 Polyphenol Phenolic Acid
5.6.3 Polyphenol Flavonoid
5.6.4 Polyphenol Stilbenes
5.7 Novel Nanocarriers against Skin Cancer
5.7.1 Liposomes
5.7.2 Niosomes
5.7.3 Ethosomes
5.7.4 Bilosomes
5.7.5 Cubosomes
5.7.6 Nanosuspension
5.7.7 Nanosponges
5.7.8 Nanofibers
5.7.9 Nanocellulose
5.8 Nutraceutical for Skin Cancer Treatment
5.8.1 The Importance of Fatty Acids and Skin Cancer
5.8.2 The Importance of Dietary Polyphenol and Skin Cancer
5.8.3 Curcumin and Skin Cancer
5.8.4 Epigallocatechin Gallate and Skin Cancer
5.8.5 Apigenin and Skin Cancer
5.8.6 Resveratrol and Skin Cancer
5.8.7 Genistein and Skin Cancer
5.9 Advantages of Novel Drug Delivery System
5.10 Challenges of Novel Drug Delivery System
5.11 Future Direction
5.12 Conclusion
References
6. Lipid Nano-Carriers for Skin Disorders: Mechanism, Preparation, and Characterization
Monika Vishwakarma, Devyani Rajput, Wasim Akram and Tanweer Haider
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Conventional Treatment of Skin Disorders
6.3 Novel Drug Delivery Systems for Skin Disorders
6.4 Lipid Nanocarriers: Mechanism and Benefits
6.5 Case Studies and Clinical Evidence
6.6 Lipid Nanocarriers (Liposomes, Ultra Deformable Liposomes, Ethosomes, Transethosomes, Solid Lipid Nanoparticle, etc.)
6.7 Particulate Carrier Systems
6.7.1 Solid Lipid Nanoparticles (SLNs)
6.7.2 Nanostructured Lipid Carriers (NLCs)
6.8 Vesicular Carrier Systems
6.8.1 Lipid Nanoemulsion (LNEs)
6.8.2 Liposomes
6.8.3 Transferosomes
6.8.4 Niosomes
6.8.5 Ethosomes
6.8.6 Microemulsion
6.9 Mechanism (Mechanism of Skin Penetration, Uptake by Cells, and Drug Release Mechanism from Lipidic Nanocarrier (Dependent Upon Nature of Drug i.e. Hydrophilic and Lipophilic Drug)
6.10 Methods of Preparation
6.10.1 High Pressure Homogenization Method (HPH)
6.10.1.1 Hot HPH
6.10.1.2 Cold HPH
6.10.2 Emulsification-Ultrasonication Method
6.10.3 Solvent Diffusion Method
6.10.4 Solvent Emulsification Evaporation Method
6.10.5 Film-Ultrasonication Method
6.10.6 Microemulsion Method
6.10.7 Hot Melt Extrusion Technology
6.10.8 Supercritical Fluid (SCF) Technology
6.10.9 Thin Film Hydration Method
6.10.10 Ethosomes Preparation Method
6.10.10.1 Cold Method
6.10.10.2 Hot Method
6.10.10.3 Classic Mechanical-Dispersion Method
6.10.10.4 Transmembrane pH-Gradient Method
6.11 Characterization Methods of Lipidic Nanocarriers
6.11.1 Entrapment Efficiency (EE)
6.11.2 Vesicle Size or Particle Size
6.11.3 Surface Morphology
6.11.4 Zeta Potential (ZP)
6.12 Conclusion and Future Perspective
References
7. Role of Nano-Vesicular Carriers for the Management of Dermatitis
Sunny Rathee, Debasis Sen and Sanjay K. Jain
7.1 Introduction
7.1.1 Atopic Dermatitis
7.1.2 Contact Dermatitis
7.1.2.1 Irritant Contact Dermatitis (ICD)
7.1.2.2 Allergic Contact Dermatitis (ACD)
7.1.2.3 Genetic and Environmental Factors
7.1.2.4 Role of the Microbiome
7.1.3 Seborrheic Dermatitis
7.1.4 Nummular Dermatitis
7.2 Conventional Approaches for the Treatment of Dermatitis
7.2.1 Non-Pharmacological Approaches
7.2.1.1 Moisturizers
7.2.1.2 Bath and Wet Wraps
7.2.2 Pharmacological Approaches
7.2.2.1 Antibiotic Treatments
7.2.2.2 Topical Corticosteroids
7.2.2.3 Antihistamines
7.2.2.4 Calcineurin Inhibitors
7.2.2.5 Phototherapy
7.2.2.6 Systemic Immunosuppressant Drugs
7.3 Role of Nano-Vesicular Carriers for the Treatment of Dermatitis
7.3.1 Liposomes
7.3.2 Transferosomes
7.3.3 Ethosomes
7.3.4 Solid Lipid Nanoparticles (SLNs)
7.3.5 Nanostructured Lipid Carriers (NLCs)
7.3.6 Nanoemulsions (NEs)
7.4 Preclinical and Clinical Applications
7.5 Challenges and Future Directions
7.6 Conclusion
References
8. Role of Lipid Nanoparticulate Carriers in the Management
of Infectious Inflammatory Disorders
Biswajit Rout, Shyam Sudhakar Gomte, Sandeep Kr Maharana, Devaraj and Aakanchha Jain
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Pathophysiology of Infectious Inflammatory Disorders of the Skin
8.2.1 Bacterial Infections of Skin
8.2.2 Fungal Infections of the Skin
8.2.3 Viral Infection of the Skin
8.3 Lipid Nanoparticulate Carriers and Their Use Against Infectious Inflammatory Disorders
8.3.1 Liposome
8.3.2 Solid-Lipid Nanoparticles (SLNs)
8.3.3 Nanostructured Lipid Carriers (NLCs)
8.4 Challenges
8.5 Conclusion
Acknowledgements
References
9. Role of Nano Vesicular Carriers in the Management of Dermatophytic Infections
Anish Menon and Neha Mathur
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Geographical Epidemiology of Dermatophytosis
9.3 Treatment Strategies Available to Counter Dermatophytic
Fungal Infections
9.3.1 Topical Treatment
9.3.2 Oral Treatment
9.3.3 Intravenous Treatment
9.4 Shortcomings of Conventional Treatment Strategies
9.4.1 Conventional Oral Formulations
9.4.2 Conventional Topical Formulations
9.4.3 Limited Cellular Targets and Side Effects of Available Antifungal Substances
9.4.4 Mechanisms of Resistance to Antifungal Drugs
9.5 Nanocarriers in Management of Fungal Infections
9.5.1 Lipidic Based Vesicles
9.5.2 Polymeric Nanoparticles
9.5.3 Metallic Nanoparticles
9.6 Challenges Associated with Nanocarriers
9.7 Future Aspects
9.7.1 3D Bioprinting Technology
9.7.2 Stratum Corneum Ablation
9.8 Summary and Conclusion
References
10. Role of Nano Vesicular Carriers in the Management of Psoriasis
Devyani Rajput, Shivangi Sharma, Ankur Agrawal and Neeraj Mishra
10.1 Introduction
10.1.1 Prevalence of Psoriasis
10.1.2 Causes of Psoriasis
10.1.3 Types of Psoriasis
10.2 Pathophysiology of Psoriasis
10.3 Nanovesicular Carriers: An Overview
10.3.1 Liposomes
10.3.2 Niosomes
10.3.3 Transfersomes
10.3.4 Ethosomes
10.4 Treatment of Psoriasis
10.5 Mechanisms of Action of Nanovesicular Carriers in Psoriasis Management
10.6 Clinical Trials, Challenges, and Opportunities in the
Development of Nanovesicular Carriers for Psoriasis
10.7 Future Perspectives
10.8 Conclusion
References
11. Topical Delivery for the Management of Vitiligo: Challenges and Advances
Rishabh Gupta, Shivang Shukla and Namrata Singh
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Pathophysiology of Vitiligo
11.2.1 Genetic Factors
11.2.2 Autoimmunity
11.2.3 Oxidative Stress
11.3 Topical Treatments for Vitiligo
11.3.1 Corticosteroids in the Treatment of Vitiligo
11.3.2 Calcineurin Inhibitors in Vitiligo Treatment
11.3.3 Topical Immunomodulators
11.3.4 Other Topical Agents
11.4 Challenges in Topical Treatment for Vitiligo
11.5 Recent Research and Innovations
11.5.1 Novel Therapeutic Agents
11.5.2 Clinical Trials and Outcomes
11.5.3 Comparative Studies of Delivery Methods
11.5.4 Future Directions in Vitiligo Research
11.5.4.1 Molecular and Genetic Research
11.5.4.2 Immune System Regulation
11.5.4.3 Cellular and Regenerative Therapies
11.5.4.4 Oxidative Stress and Antioxidant Therapy
11.5.4.5 Phototherapy and Laser Technologies
11.5.4.6 Personalized Medicine and Biomarkers
11.6 Patient-Centered Considerations in Case of Vitiligo Treatment
11.6.1 Personalized Treatment Approaches for Vitiligo
11.6.2 Addressing Patient Concerns and Preferences in the Case of Vitiligo
11.6.3 Educating Patients on Treatment Protocols for Vitiligo
11.7 Regulatory and Ethical Considerations
11.7.1 Approval Process for New Topical Drugs for the Treatment of Vitiligo
11.7.2 Ethical Issues in Vitiligo Research
11.7.3 Global Perspectives on Vitiligo Treatment Standards
11.8 Conclusion
References
12. Microneedle Drug Delivery System as a Useful Tool for Dermal Drug Delivery
Mayuri Gupta, Nimisha Srivastava, Himanshu Kathuria and Manish Dwivedi
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Fundamentals of Microneedle Drug Delivery
12.2.1 Types of Microneedles and Mechanism
12.2.2 Solid Microneedles
12.2.3 Coated Microneedles
12.2.4 Dissolving Microneedles
12.2.5 Hydrogel-Forming Microneedles
12.2.6 Hollow Microneedles
12.3 Novel Designs of Microneedles
12.3.1 Bioinspired Microneedles (BMNs)
12.3.2 Separable Microneedles
12.3.3 Most Recent Designs
12.3.3.1 Smart Microneedles
12.3.3.2 Phase-Transition Microneedle Patch
12.3.3.3 Wrappable MN Meshes
12.3.3.4 Semi-Dissolving MNs Patch
12.4 Fabrication Techniques
12.4.1 Laser-Based Techniques
12.4.1.1 Laser Cutting
12.4.1.2 Laser Ablation
12.4.2 Photolithography and Etching-Based Techniques
12.4.2.1 Photolithography
12.4.2.2 Etching
12.4.3 Molding-Based Technique
12.4.3.1 Micro-Molding
12.4.3.2 Injection Molding
12.4.4 Additive Manufacturing Techniques
12.4.4.1 3D Printing
12.4.4.2 Stereolithography
12.5 Applications of Microneedles in Dermal Drug Delivery
12.6 Treatment for Skin Cancer and Superficial Tumours
12.6.1 Microneedles for Skin Cancer Treatment
12.6.2 Microneedles for Superficial Tumors
12.7 Wound Healing
12.7.1 Improved Therapeutic Delivery
12.7.2 Encouraging Tissue Regeneration
12.7.3 Controlled Release Systems
12.7.4 Treatment of Chronic Wounds
12.7.5 Integration with Bioactive Materials
12.8 Treatment for Atopic Dermatitis and Seborrheic Dermatitis
12.9 Treatment for Alopecia
12.10 Treatment for Fungal Infections
12.11 Approach as Anti-Aging
12.12 Conclusion and Future Perspective
References
13. Liposomal Gene Delivery for Skin Disorders
Debarshi Kar Mahapatra, Savita Deokar, Rajib Singh, Shilpa S. Borkar and Tomy Muringayil Joseph
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Gene Therapy
13.3 Journey to the Nucleus
13.4 Liposome
13.5 Liposome as a Carrier
13.6 Steps to Successful Gene Transfer
13.6.1 Strategy Behind Cationic Lipid Mediated Gene Delivery
13.7 Barriers for Gene Delivery
13.8 Modifications for Improved Liposome-Mediated Gene Delivery
13.9 Role of Helper Lipid in Cationic Liposome Mediated Gene Delivery
13.10 Transdermal Delivery
13.11 Systemic Barriers
13.12 Current Methods of Transdermal Gene Delivery
13.12.1 Transdermal/Dermal Microneedles
13.12.2 Chemical Enhancers for Transdermal Delivery
13.12.3 Ultrasound
13.12.4 Iontophoresis
13.12.5 Electroporation
13.13 Conclusion
References
14. siRNA Delivery for the Management of Skin Disorders
Sandeep Kumar Maurya, Devyani Rajput and Umesh Kumar Patil
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Mechanism of Action
14.3 The Pathogenesis of Skin Diseases and Their Potential
Therapeutic Targets
14.3.1 Skin Cancer
14.3.2 Melanoma
14.3.3 Basal-Cell Carcinoma
14.3.4 Cutaneous Squamous-Cell Carcinoma
14.3.5 Psoriasis
14.3.6 Atopic Dermatitis
14.3.7 Vitiligo
14.4 siRNA Transdermal Delivery Vehicle
14.5 Nanoparticle-Based siRNA Delivery System
14.5.1 Lipid-Polymer Hybrid Nanoparticles (LPN)
14.5.2 Spherical Nucleic Acid Nanoparticle Conjugates (SNA-NCs)
14.5.3 Lipid-Based siRNA Delivery System
14.5.4 Liposomes
14.5.5 Niosomes
14.5.6 Polymer-Based siRNAs Delivery System
14.5.7 Dendrimer
14.6 Challenges with siRNA-Based Therapeutics
14.6.1 Delivering siRNA
14.6.2 siRNA Stability and Targeting
14.6.3 Overcoming Hurdles to Delivery and RNA Instability
14.6.4 Mitigation of Off-Target Effects
14.6.5 Activation of Immune Response
14.7 Discussion
14.8 Conclusion
References
15. Challenges and Opportunities in the Therapeutic Management of Skin Diseases
Karan Wadhwa, Swati Saini, Taruna and Rakesh Pahwa
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Conventional Therapies for Skin Disorders Management
15.2.1 Challenges Associated with Conventional Therapies
15.3 Emerging Trends and Treatment Opportunities in Skin Therapy
15.3.1 Nanotechnology-Based Advances in Dermatological Therapies
15.3.2 Challenges Associated with Nanotechnology in the Management of Various Skin Disorders
15.3.3 AI and Skin Therapy
15.3.4 Challenges Associated with AI and Machine Learning in the Management of Various Skin Disorders
15.3.5 Other Contemporary Approaches for Skin Disorders Management
15.4 Future Perspectives and Conclusion
References
16. Safety Guidelines and Regulatory Perspectives of Nanoformulations for Skin Disorders
Sushant Bharat Gaikwad, Md Imtiyaz Alam and Awesh K. Yadav
16.1 Introduction
16.1.1 Overview of Nanoformulation in Skin Disorder
16.1.2 Importance of Safety Guidelines and Regulatory Oversight
16.2 Fundamentals of Nanoformulations
16.2.1 Definition and Characteristics of Nanoformulations
16.2.1.1 Specific and Collective Surface Area
16.2.1.2 Surface-to-Volume Ratio
16.2.1.3 Permeation and Biodistribution
16.2.2 Applications in Dermatology: Targeted Delivery and Enhanced Efficacy
16.2.2.1 Nanoformulation in Dermatological Diagnosis and Treatment
16.3 Safety Assessment of Nanoformulations
16.3.1 Potential Risks Associated with Nanoparticles in Skin Treatment
16.3.1.1 Carbon Nanotubes
16.3.1.2 Micelles
16.3.1.3 Solid Lipid Nanoparticles
16.3.1.4 Dendrimers
16.3.1.5 Gold Nanoparticles (Au Nps)
16.3.2 Safety of Nanoformulations
16.3.3 Nanotoxicity Evaluation
16.3.3.1 Cytotoxicity
16.3.3.2 Genotoxicity
16.3.3.3 Immunotoxicity
16.3.3.4 Oxidative Stress
16.3.3.5 Phototoxicity
16.4 Regulatory Framework and Guidelines
16.4.1 India
16.4.1.1 Guidelines for the Evaluation of Nanopharmaceuticals in India
16.4.2 United States
16.4.2.1 Food and Drug Administration (FDA): Guidance for Industry Safety of Nanomaterials in Cosmetic Drug Products
16.4.2.2 Liposome Drug Product Chemistry Manufacturing and Controls; Human Pharmacokinetic and Bioavailability and Labeling Documentation Guidance for Industry
16.4.2.3 International Cooperation on Cosmetic Regulation (ICCR): Reports of the ICCR Working Group – Safety Approaches to Nanomaterials in Cosmetics
16.4.2.4 Drug Products, Including Biological Products That Contain Nanomaterials Guidance for Industry
16.4.3 Canada
16.4.3.1 Policy Statement on Health Canada’s Working Definition for Nanomaterial
16.5 Regulatory Approval Process
16.5.1 Requirements for Approval and Marketing of Nanoformulation
16.5.1.1 Nonclinical (Preclinical) Studies
16.5.1.2 Clinical Studies
16.6 Manufacturing Standards and Quality Controls
16.6.1 Good Manufacturing Practices (GMPs)
16.6.2 Quality Control of Raw Materials and Finished Products
16.7 Labeling Requirements and Documentation
16.8 Postmarketing Surveillance and Risk Management
16.9 Conclusion
Acknowledgment
References
Index

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