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Surface Modification and Functionalization of Textiles

Edited by Aminoddin Haji and Caglar Sivri
Copyright: 2026   |   Expected Pub Date:2026/08/30
ISBN: 9781394174607  |  Hardcover  |  
516 pages

One Line Description
Unlock the future of sustainable materials science with this essential guide bridging cutting-edge research and real-world applications to show how eco-friendly, high-performance textiles can revolutionize fashion, healthcare, and wearable tech.

Audience
Textile engineers, materials scientists, chemists, applied physicists, academics, and researchers involved in textile production and finishing technologies.

Description
The textile industry is an important part of global trade and everyday life. However, it must find more sustainable and environmentally friendly processes to produce and finish textiles at a time when the planet is facing imminent threats from environmental factors. This book explores the most recent sustainable technologies revolutionizing the textile industry. In response to worldwide environmental issues, the book introduces cutting-edge techniques that enhance fabric performance while decreasing its ecological impact. These methods rethink the possibilities of textiles by substituting cleaner, more intelligent methods for resource-intensive processes. The book demonstrates how functionalization can impart antimicrobial properties, hydrophobicity, flame retardancy, conductivity, and UV protection. It provides researchers, students, and industry professionals with important insights in the fields of fashion, healthcare, protective apparel, and wearable electronics by bridging the gap between science and application. This volume, written by top specialists, is a vital tool for anyone looking to create the next wave of smart, eco-friendly, and high-performance textiles.
Readers will find the volume:
• Examines a variety of state-of-the-art methods for modifying the surface of textiles, including enzyme technologies, nanofinishing, and plasma and laser treatments;
• Emphasizes eco-friendly methods that improve textile performance and durability while while reducing resource consumption;
• Illustrates how functionalized textiles can acquire antimicrobial, flame-retardant, hydrophobic, UV-protective, and even skincare qualities.
• Provides an outlook on how intelligent and sustainable textiles are influencing sectors such as electronics, healthcare, and fashion.

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Author / Editor Details
Aminoddin Haji, PhD is an Associate Professor in the Department of Textile Engineering at Yazd University, Iran. He has published more than 100 papers in international journals, 25 book chapters, presented more than 70 papers in international conferences, and edited five books. His research interests include the surface modification of textiles, natural and synthetic dyeing of textiles, and nanotechnology in textiles and wastewater treatment.

Çağlar Sivri, PhD works in the Department of Engineering Management, Faculty of Engineering and Natural Sciences, Bahçeşehir University, Beşiktaş, İstanbul, Türkiye. He has more than 15 years of academic and research experience at the nexus of nanotechnology, sustainability, and advanced textile applications. His patented inventions and projects center on sustainable and high-performance materials, with a focus on nanofibers, technical and automotive textiles, and personal protective equipment made of textiles. He has a strong background in surface modification, nature-inspired design, and functional finishing.

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Table of Contents
Preface
1. An Introduction to Surface Modification Technologies for Functionalization of Textiles
Aminoddin Haji
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Plasma Treatment
1.3 Sputtering
1.4 Sol-Gel Technology
1.5 Layer-by-Layer Assembly
1.6 Grafting
1.7 UV Treatment
1.8 Laser Treatment
1.9 Nanoparticles Treatment
1.10 Microcapsules and Nanocapsules
1.11 Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD)
1.12 Electroless Deposition
1.13 Enzyme Treatment
1.14 Ozonation
1.15 Coating
1.16 Conclusion
References
2. Surface Modification and Functionalization of Textiles by Plasma Treatment
Aminoddin Haji and Çağlar Sivri
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Types of Plasma Used in Textile Treatments
2.2.1 Plasma Types Based on Applied Pressure
2.2.1.1 Low-Pressure Plasma Treatments
2.2.1.2 Atmospheric Pressure Plasma Treatments
2.3 Applications of Cold Plasma on Textiles
2.4 Conclusion
References
3. Surface Functionalization of Textiles by Sputter Coating
Avik Kumar Dhar, Piyas Halder, Vijay Mohakar and Ivan Moldavchuk
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Sputtering and Co-Sputtering
3.2.1 Magnetron Sputtering
3.2.2 High-Power Impulse Magnetron Sputtering
3.2.3 Reactive Magnetron Sputtering
3.2.4 Ion Beam Magnetron Sputtering
3.3 Factors Affecting the Performance of Sputter-Coated Textiles
3.4 Applications for Sputter-Coated Textiles
3.4.1 Electromagnetic Shielding
3.4.1.1 Mechanism of EMI Shielding Performance
3.4.1.2 Sputter-Coated Textiles for EMI Shielding Application
3.4.1.3 Factors Affecting SE
3.4.2 Photocatalytic Activity
3.4.3 Protective Clothing
3.4.3.1 Flame Retardant Textiles
3.4.3.2 Personal Thermal Management System
3.4.3.3 Water-Repellent Fabrics
3.4.3.4 UV Protection
3.4.3.5 Air Filtration
3.4.4 Textile Coloration
3.4.4.1 Factors Affecting Textile Coloration
3.4.5 Textile Sensors/Flexible and Wearable Electronics
3.4.5.1 Temperature Sensors
3.4.5.2 pH Sensors
3.4.5.3 Humidity Sensors
3.4.5.4 Strain Sensors
3.4.5.5 Flexible Capacitive Pressure Sensors
3.4.6 Wastewater Treatment
3.4.7 Medical Textiles
3.4.7.1 Antibacterial Materials
3.4.7.2 Wound Dressing
3.5 Conclusion and Future Studies
References
4. Sol-Gel Technology for Textile Modification
Enfal Kayahan
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Synthesis of Sol-Gels and General Principles
4.2.1 Solvation
4.2.2 Hydrolysis
4.2.3 Condensation
4.3 Modification of Textile Surfaces Using Sol-Gel Technology
4.4 Enhancing Textile Products with Functional Properties through the Sol-Gel Method
4.4.1 Water Repellent
4.4.2 Flame Retardancy
4.4.3 Self -Cleaning and UV Protection
4.4.4 Antibacterial Finishes
4.4.5 Anti-Felting Finishing on Wool
4.4.6 Wrinkle Resistance
4.5 Conclusion
References
5. Layer-by-Layer (LbL) Deposition Method for Surface Modification of Textiles
Rasool Shabanloo and Aminoddin Haji
5.1 Introduction
5.1.1 Overview of Textile Surface Modification
5.1.2 Importance of LbL Technique in the Textile Industry
5.1.2.1 Reducing Chemical, Energy, and Water Consumption
5.2 Fundamentals of LbL Deposition
5.2.1 Basic Principles of LbL Deposition
5.2.2 Choice of Materials
5.2.3 Deposition Process
5.2.4 Mechanisms of Layer Formation
5.3 Advantages of LbL Deposition
5.3.1 Precise Control over Layer Thickness and Composition
5.3.2 Versatility in Material Selection
5.3.3 Simplicity and Cost-Effectiveness
5.4 Methods of LbL Deposition
5.4.1 Dip-Coating Method of LbL Deposition
5.4.1.1 Process Overview
5.4.1.2 Advantages of Dip Coating
5.4.1.3 Challenges and Considerations
5.4.1.4 Applications of Dip Coating in LbL Deposition
5.5 Spin Coating Method of LbL Deposition
5.5.1 Process Overview
5.5.2 Advantages of Spin Coating
5.5.3 Challenges and Considerations
5.5.4 Applications of Spin Coating in LbL Deposition
5.6 Spray Coating Method of LbL Deposition
5.6.1 Process Overview
5.6.2 Advantages of Spray Coating
5.6.3 Challenges and Considerations
5.6.4 Applications of Spray Coating in LbL Deposition
5.7 Comparison of Dip Coating, Spin Coating, and Spray Coating Methods in LbL Deposition
5.8 Characterization of LbL Modified Textiles
5.8.1 Surface Morphology
5.8.1.1 Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)
5.8.1.2 Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM)
5.9 X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS)
5.10 Mechanical Properties
5.11 Water Contact Angle (WCA)
5.12 Antimicrobial Properties of LbL-Modified Textiles
5.13 Future Directions of the LbL Surface Modification
5.13.1 Scalability of LbL Deposition
5.13.2 Durability and Stability of Coatings
5.13.3 Environmental and Economic Considerations
5.13.4 Innovations and Emerging Trends
References
6. Textile Fiber Grafting: Strategies and Functionality
Md. Reazuddin Repon, Shubhajit Dutta and Shumaila Kiran
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Grafting Strategies and Functionality Analysis of Textile Fibers
6.2.1 Grafting Strategies and Functionality of Natural Fibers
6.2.2 Grafting Strategies and Functionality of Synthetic Fibers
6.3 Current Challenges of the Fiber Grafting Strategy
6.4 Future Perspectives of Fiber Grafting Strategy
6.5 Conclusion
References
7. Importance of Surface Treatment with UV Radiation in Textiles
Ayşegül Körlü and Mohammad Khajeh Mehrizi
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Understanding UV Radiation and Applicational Zones of UV Treatment
7.3 Effects of UV Radiation on Fibers and Fabric Properties
7.4 Future Directions and Challenges
7.5 Conclusion
References
8. Laser Treatment of Textile Materials
Mohammad Khajeh Mehrizi, Umut Kıvanç Şahin, Zahra Shahi and İsmet Ege Kalkan
8.1 Introduction to Laser Technology in Textiles
8.1.1 Overview of Laser Technology
8.1.2 Historical Background
8.1.3 Importance of Laser Treatment in the Textile Industry
8.2 Principles of Laser Treatment
8.2.1 Basic Principles of Laser Operation
8.2.2 Types of Lasers Used in Textile Treatment
8.2.3 Mechanisms of Interaction between Laser and Textile Materials
8.3 Applications of Laser Treatment in Textiles
8.3.1 Cutting and Engraving
8.3.2 Surface Modification
8.3.3 Marking and Branding
8.3.4 Cleaning and Finishing Processes
8.4 Advantages and Disadvantages of Laser Treatment
8.4.1 Advantages
8.4.2 Disadvantages
8.5 Case Studies and Industry Examples
8.5.1 Fashion Industry Applications
8.5.2 Technical Textiles
8.5.3 Home Textiles
8.5.4 Automotive Textiles
8.6 Future Trends in Laser Treatment of Textiles
8.6.1 Innovations in Laser Technology
8.6.2 Integration with Smart Textiles
8.6.3 Sustainability and Environmental Impact
8.7 Conclusion
8.7.1 Summary of Key Points
8.7.2 Future Outlook for Laser Treatment in Textiles
References
9. Conventional and Advanced Techniques for the Physical,
Chemical, and Biochemical Modifications of Wool
Seiko Jose, Anuradha Sankaran, Kalaprasad Gopalan Nair,
Delna Maria, Uttara Krishnan and Athira. K. Ramachandran
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Wool Fiber Morphology and Structure
9.3 Modification of Wool Fiber
9.3.1 Physical Methods
9.3.1.1 Plasma Treatment
9.3.1.2 Corona Treatment
9.3.1.3 Radiation Techniques
9.3.1.4 UV Treatment
9.3.1.5 Microwave Irradiation
9.3.1.6 Xe excilamp
9.3.1.7 Electron Beam Irradiation
9.3.1.8 Laser Treatment
9.3.2 Chemical Methods
9.3.2.1 Steam Explosion
9.3.2.2 Grafting
9.3.2.3 Chlorite Treatment
9.3.2.4 Zeolite Treatment
9.3.2.5 Nano-Finish
9.3.3 Biochemical Modification of Wool Fiber
9.3.3.1 Enzyme Treatment
9.3.3.2 Biopolymer Treatment
9.4 Future Scope and Challenges
9.5 Conclusion
References
10. Advances in Nanofinishing for Textiles
Çağlar Sivri
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Nanofinishing Techniques
10.2.1 Nanocoating
10.2.1.1 Sol-Gel Technique
10.2.1.2 Layer-by-Layer (LbL) Technique
10.2.1.3 Plasma Polymerization
10.2.1.4 Electroless Deposition
10.2.1.5 Vapor Deposition
10.2.1.6 Liquid-Phase Deposition (LPD)
10.2.1.7 Langmuir–Blodgett (LB) Films
10.2.1.8 Nanofiber Coating
10.2.2 Nanolamination
10.2.3 Nanoparticle Synthesis and Textile Integration
10.3 Nanofinishing for Different Textile Structures
10.3.1 Nanofinishing for Fibers
10.3.2 Nanofinishing for Yarns
10.3.3 Nanofinishing for Woven Fabric Structures
10.3.4 Nanofinishing for Knitted Fabric Structures
10.3.5 Nanofinishing for Nonwoven Fabric Structures
10.4 End Uses and Functions of Nanofinished Textiles
10.5 Outlook and Future Work Advises
References
11. Microencapsulation in Surface Modification of Textiles
Liliana Indrie, Nor Dalila Nor Affandi, Najua Tulos, Simona Tripa, Zlatin Zlatev and Mohd Rozi Ahmad
11.1 Introduction
11.1.1 Principles of Microencapsulation
11.2 Microencapsulation Technology
11.3 Utilization of Microcapsules for Developing Functional
Textiles
11.4 Conclusions
References
12. Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD) and Physical Vapor Deposition (PVD) Techniques for Textile Surface Enhancement
Habib Ali, Afreen Anjum and Shafat Ahmad Khan
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Overview of CVD and PVD Techniques
12.3 Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD)
12.3.1 Principles of Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD)
12.3.1.1 The CVD Process
12.3.1.2 Common Variants of CVD
12.3.1.3 Key Factors Influencing the CVD Process
12.3.1.4 Applications of CVD in Textiles
12.3.2 CVD Process for Textiles
12.3.2.1 CVD Setup for Textiles
12.3.2.2 Typical Process Parameters in CVD for Textiles
12.3.2.3 CVD Optimization for Textile Applications
12.3.3 Applications in Textile Surface Enhancement Using CVD
12.3.3.1 Hydrophobic and Oleophobic Coatings
12.3.3.2 Deposition of Nanostructured Materials for Enhanced Mechanical Strength
12.3.3.3 Functionalization for UV Protection, Antimicrobial Properties, and Increased Dye Affinity
12.3.4 Advantages and Limitations of CVD for Textile Applications
12.3.4.1 Advantages of CVD for Textile Applications
12.3.4.2 Limitations of CVD for Textile Applications
12.3.5 Case Studies and Recent Advances in CVD for Textiles
12.3.5.1 Recent Research on CVD in Textiles
12.3.5.2 Industrial Applications of CVD in Textiles
12.3.5.3 Comparative Analysis of CVD-Treated versus Untreated Textiles
12.4 Physical Vapor Deposition (PVD)
12.4.1 Principles of PVD
12.4.1.1 Evaporation (Vacuum or Thermal)
12.4.1.2 Sputtering (RF, DC, and Magnetron)
12.4.1.3 Ion Plating
12.4.1.4 ARC Vapor Deposition
12.4.2 PVD Process for Textiles
12.4.2.1 PVD Setup and Components
12.4.2.2 Key Parameters in the PVD Process
12.4.3 Applications of PVD in Textile Surface Enhancement
12.4.3.1 Enhancing Textile Durability and Abrasion Resistance
12.4.3.2 Decorative Coatings and Reflective Finishes
12.4.3.3 Electrical Conductivity and Thermal Management as Functional Layer
12.4.4 Advantages and Limitations of PVD for Textile Applications
12.4.4.1 Advantages of PVD
12.4.4.2 Limitations of PVD
12.4.4.3 Case Studies and Recent Advances
12.4.4.4 PVD for Conductive Textiles
12.4.4.5 PVD in Eco-Friendly Fashion
12.4.4.6 Scalability and Cost-Effectiveness in Industrial Applications
12.5 Comparative Analysis of CVD and PVD
12.5.1 Process Parameters
12.5.2 Coating Characteristics
12.5.3 Performance Outcomes
12.5.4 Selection Criteria
12.6 Future Trends and Innovations in CVD and PVD for Textiles
12.6.1 Advancements in CVD and PVD Technologies for Textiles
12.6.2 Integration with Other Surface Modification Methods
12.6.3 Potential for Smart Textiles and Wearable Technologies
12.7 Conclusion
References
13. Modification and Functionalization of Textiles Integrating Electroless Deposition
Md. Reazuddin Repon and Arnob Dhar Pranta
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Mechanism of Electroless Deposition
13.3 Electroless Deposition Methods
13.3.1 Autocatalytic Deposition
13.3.2 Chemical Vapor Deposition (CVD)
13.3.3 Atomic Layer Deposition (ALD)
13.3.4 Inkjet Printing
13.3.5 Spray Coating
13.4 Factors Influencing of Electroless Deposition
13.4.1 Fiber Type
13.4.2 Deposition Layers
13.4.3 Method of Deposition
13.5 Properties and Performance Evaluation
13.5.1 Electric Conductivity
13.5.2 Antimicrobial Activity
13.5.3 Hydrophobicity
13.5.4 Mechanical Properties
13.6 Current Challenges
13.6.1 Technical Challenges
13.6.2 Environmental Challenges
13.6.3 Economic Challenges
13.7 Applications and Future Prospects
13.7.1 Smart Textiles
13.7.2 Energy Storage
13.7.3 Electromagnetic Shielding
13.7.4 Antimicrobial Textiles
13.7.5 Technical and Functional Textiles
13.8 Conclusion
References
14. Cleaner Production Approaches in Textile Finishing:
Enzyme Treatments and Immobilization
Seyda Eyupoglu and Nigar Merdan
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Basic Information About Enzymes
14.3 Structure of Enzymes
14.4 Operating Mechanism of Enzymes
14.5 Effecting Factors of Enzyme Functioning
14.5.1 Temperature
14.5.2 pH
14.5.3 Enzyme/Substrate Concentration
14.5.4 Chemicals and Water Effect
14.6 Classification of Enzymes
14.7 Cellulase Enzyme and Applications
14.8 Pectinase Enzyme Treatment
14.9 Amylase Enzyme Treatment
14.10 Lipase Enzyme Treatment
14.11 Protease Enzyme Treatment
14.12 Catalase Enzyme Treatment
14.13 Laccase Enzyme Treatment
14.14 Enzyme Immobilization
14.15 Advantages of Enzyme Immobilization
14.16 Enzyme Immobilization Methods
14.17 Conclusion
References
15. Surface Modification and Functionalization of Textiles
by Ozone Application
İdil Yiğit, Aliye Akarsu Özenç, Semiha Eren and Hüseyin Aksel Eren
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Oxidation Methods and Ozone
15.3 Overview of Ozone
15.4 Production of Ozone
15.5 Advantages and Disadvantages of Ozone
15.6 Applications of Ozone in Textile Industry
15.6.1 Textile Wastewater Color Removal
15.6.2 Bleaching
15.6.3 Desizing
15.6.4 Color Removal and Patterning
15.6.5 Denim Industry
15.6.6 Oxidative Cleaning
15.7 Surface Modification and Functionalization Applications of Ozone in Textile Industry
15.7.1 Fiber Surface
15.7.2 Fiber-Matrix
15.8 Ozone Treatment on Dye Uptake
15.9 Impurity Removal in Lignocellulosic Fibers
15.10 Sericin Removal
15.11 Flame Reterdancy
15.12 Conclusion
References
16. Coating Technologies in Surface Modification of Textiles: Performance-Enhancing Textile Coatings
A. Selcen Altınok
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Coating Techniques
16.2.1 Liquid Coating Methods
16.2.1.1 Pre-Dosed Coating
16.2.1.2 Post-Dosed (On-the-Go) Coating
16.2.2 Solid Coating Methods
16.2.3 Modern Coating Methods
16.3 Coating Materials
16.4 Fibers Used in Coated Fabrics
16.5 Production Techniques
16.6 Functional Features
16.7 Commercial Usage Areas
16.8 Tests Applied to Coated Fabrics
16.9 Future Expectations and Insights
References
17. Textile Functionalization by Skincare Finishing
Angela Danila
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Textile Materials Used for Skincare Functionalization
17.3 Classification of Skincare Compounds
17.4 Examples of Skincare Functionalization
17.4.1 Skincare Textiles with UV Protection
17.4.2 Skincare Textiles with Antiaging Properties
17.4.3 Skincare Textiles with Antimicrobial Properties
17.4.4 Skincare Textiles with Anti-Cellulite Properties
17.4.5 Fragranced Textiles
17.5 Methods for Micro/Nanoparticles Applying on Textile Support
17.6 Release Mechanisms of Active Compounds
17.7 Analysis Methods for Skincare Textiles
17.8 Commercial Functional Textiles
17.9 Conclusions
References
18. Future Perspectives of Surface Modifications and Functionalization of Textiles
Arnob Dhar Pranta and Md. Reazuddin Repon
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Future Perspectives
18.2.1 Sustainability in Textile Functionalization
18.2.1.1 Eco-Friendly Chemical Functionalization
18.2.1.2 Waterless Functionalization Technologies
18.2.1.3 Functionalization with Recycled and Biodegradable Materials
18.2.1.4 Low-Energy Functionalization Processes
18.2.1.5 Circular Functionalization Approaches
18.2.1.6 Legislation-Driven Innovations
18.2.1.7 Consumer-Centric Functionalization
18.2.2 Advanced Nanotechnology Applications
18.2.2.1 Multifunctional Nano-Coatings
18.2.2.2 Carbon-Based Nanomaterials for Textile Enhancement
18.2.2.3 Integration of Nanotechnology in Smart Textiles
18.2.2.4 Nanotechnology in Dyeing and Finishing Processes
18.2.2.5 Integration with AI and 3D Printing
18.2.3 Surface Modification through AI Integration
18.2.3.1 Data-Driven Approaches in Surface Modification
18.2.3.2 Automation of Surface Modification Processes
18.2.3.3 Personalization of Functional Textiles
18.2.3.4 Enhanced Material Discovery
18.2.3.5 Sustainability and Energy Efficiency
18.2.3.6 Predictive Maintenance and Performance Monitoring
18.2.4 Smart and Wearable Textiles
18.2.5 Biotechnological Advancements
18.3 Challenges
18.3.1 Complexity of Processes
18.3.2 Environmental Concerns
18.3.3 Durability and Stability of Functionalization
18.3.4 Material Compatibility
18.3.5 Cost Considerations
18.3.6 Health and Safety Concerns
18.4 Conclusion
References
Index

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