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Environmental Toxicology and Human Health

Current Challenges and Future Perspectives
Edited by Ashish Kumar, Veer Singh, and Maulin P. Shah
Copyright: 2026   |   Expected Pub Date: 2026
ISBN: 9781394399826  |  Hardcover  |  
542 pages
Price: $225 USD
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One Line Description
Equip yourself to navigate environmental health with this essential resource that integrates fundamentals with the cutting-edge to provide a definitive guide on how chronic exposure to modern pollutants shapes human biological outcomes and regulatory policy.

Audience
Academics, researchers, graduate students, and industry professionals in environmental toxicology, environmental science, and public health, focusing on advanced studies and research in toxicological impacts on human health.

Description
Environmental toxicology, as a field, has evolved significantly in response to the increasing awareness of how environmental contaminants affect human health. Historically, the focus was primarily on acute poisoning events and high-level exposures, but contemporary research emphasizes chronic low-level exposures and their subtle, yet significant, health effects. This book is a comprehensive exploration of the intricate relationships between environmental contaminants and their effects on human health. It delves deeply into the various types of pollutants present in our environment and examines how these contaminants interact with biological systems. Through detailed discussions on exposure pathways, toxicokinetics, and the mechanisms by which environmental toxicants exert their effects, the book covers a broad spectrum of toxicants, including heavy metals, pesticides, endocrine disruptors, and emerging contaminants like nanomaterials and microplastics. The book also includes advanced discussions on the latest research methodologies and technologies in toxicology, such as omics technologies, in vitro and in vivo models, and computational toxicology. Additionally, it addresses the regulatory frameworks and policies that govern environmental health standards, offering insights into risk assessment and management practices. By combining comprehensive coverage of fundamental concepts with discussions of cutting-edge research and future directions, this book serves as an invaluable resource for anyone interested in the ongoing and future challenges of environmental toxicology and its implications for human health.

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Author / Editor Details
Ashish Kumar, PhD is a Scientist and Head of the Department of Biochemistry at the Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences. With over 45 publications in prestigious international and national journals, Dr. Kumar has made significant contributions to the field of life sciences. His interdisciplinary work spans human diseases, treatment strategies, environmental factors influencing disease development, heavy metal toxicity, and the synthesis of composite nanoparticles.

Veer Singh, PhD is a Department of Health Research Young Scientist in the Department of Biochemistry at the Rajendra Memorial Research Institute of Medical Sciences. He has more than 44 publications in international journals and conferences, covering topics including wastewater treatment, biomass characterization, and environmental toxicity. His research focuses on synthesizing and characterizing eco-friendly materials from biological waste, isolating heavy metal-resistant bacteria, and developing innovative adsorbents.

Maulin P. Shah, PhD is the Deputy General Manager of the Industrial Wastewater Research Lab at Enviro Technology Ltd. With more than 200 publications and extensive experience in editing books, he leads research initiatives and supervises postgraduate students in life sciences. His research delves into bacterial genetic adaptation, mechanisms for managing toxic substances, and the application of microbial processes in waste treatment.

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Table of Contents
Preface
Acknowledgement
1. Introduction to Environmental Toxicology and Human Health
Ridam Dhiman, Nancy Setia, Hargun Kaur, Harshika Joshi, Harish Chandra Joshi and Gaurav Pant
1.1 Introduction
1.1.1 Types of Toxins
1.1.1.1 Man-Made Toxins
1.1.1.2 Natural Toxins
1.1.2 Toxic Threats: The Need for Research
1.2 Sources of Environmental Toxins
1.2.1 Air Pollutants
1.2.2 Water Pollutants
1.2.3 Soil Contamination
1.2.4 Food Contamination
1.3 Types of Pollutants
1.3.1 Chemical Pollutants
1.3.2 Biological Pollutants
1.3.3 Physical Pollutants
1.4 Environmental Exposure Pathways
1.4.1 Inhalation
1.4.2 Ingestion
1.4.3 Dermal Exposure
1.5 Health Effects of Environmental Toxins
1.5.1 Acute Toxicity: Immediate Health Effects
1.5.2 Chronic Toxicity: Long-Term Health Consequences
1.5.3 Specific Diseases: Linked to Environmental Toxins
1.5.3.1 Respiratory Diseases
1.5.3.2 Neurological Disorders
1.5.3.3 Cancer
1.5.3.4 Reproductive and Developmental Issues
1.6 Current and Emerging Issues in Environmental Toxicology
1.6.1 Climate Change: Effects on the Spread of Toxins
1.6.2 Microplastics: Growing Concern in Water and Food Supplies
1.6.3 Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals (EDCs): Impact on Reproductive Health
1.6.4 Nanotechnology: Potential New Toxicological Risks
1.7 Conclusion
Acknowledgment
References
2. Sources and Types of Environmental Contaminants
Priya Shukla, Pradeep Srivastava and Abha Mishra
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Emerging Contaminants and Associated Health Hazards
2.2.1 Minuscule Contaminants
2.2.2 ECs Centered Around Personal Hygiene Commodities
2.2.3 ECs Based on Pharmaceutical Residues
2.2.4 ECs Based on Pesticides, Biocides, and Antibiotics
2.2.5 ECs Based on Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons
2.3 Hazardous Pollution Containing Colors and Dyes
2.4 Techniques for Detecting and Quantifying ECs
2.5 Technologies for Treatment
2.6 Conclusion
Acknowledgment
References
3. Air Pollution: Sources, Toxic Impacts, and Strategies for Reduction
Rajal Dave and Abhijeet Joshi
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Source of Pollution
3.2.1 Outdoor Pollution
3.2.1.1 Industrial Emission
3.2.1.2 Wildfire
3.2.1.3 Microbial Decaying Processes
3.2.1.4 Transportation
3.2.1.5 Burning of Garbage Waste
3.2.2 Indoor Pollution
3.2.2.1 Household Air Pollution
3.2.2.2 Air Pollution by Hospitals
3.3 Critical Air Pollutants and Their Impact on Human Health
3.3.1 Ground-Level Ozone (GLO) and Impact on Human Health
3.3.1.1 Characteristics and Source of Emission
3.3.1.2 Risk Group
3.3.1.3 Impact on Human Health
3.3.1.4 GLO Exposure Regulatory Standards
3.3.1.5 Ground-Level Ozone Measurement Tools and Techniques
3.3.2 Carbon Monoxide and Impact on Human Health
3.3.2.1 Characteristics and Source of Emission
3.3.2.2 Risk Group
3.3.2.3 Impact on Human Health
3.3.2.4 Carbon Monoxide (CO) Exposure Regulatory Standards
3.3.3 Nitrogen Oxide and Impact on Human Health
3.3.3.1 Characteristics and Source of Emission
3.3.3.2 NO2 Impact on Human Health
3.3.3.3 NO2 Exposure Regulatory Standards
3.3.4 Particulate Matter (PM)
3.3.5 Particulate Matter (PM) and Its Impact on Human Health
3.3.5.1 Particulate Matter (PM) Exposure Regulation
3.3.6 Sulphur Dioxide and Impact on Human Health
3.3.6.1 Characteristics and Source of Emission
3.3.6.2 Sulfur Dioxide and Its Impact on Human Health
3.3.6.3 SO2 Exposure Regulation
3.3.7 Lead and Impact on Human Health
3.3.7.1 Effect of Lead in Children and Adults
3.3.7.2 Effect of Lead in Pregnant Women
3.3.7.3 Preventive Measures for Lead Exposure
3.4 Toxicology of Air Pollution
3.4.1 Impact on Lungs and Heart
3.4.2 Impact on Brain
3.4.3 Air Pollution and Cancer
3.5 Risk Factors and Preventive Measures Associated with Health Damage Associated with Air Pollution
3.6 Indoor Air Pollution Prevention Control Strategies
3.6.1 Heating, Ventilation, and AC Systems (HVAC)
3.6.2 Air Filters and Air Purifiers
3.6.3 Standalone Air Purifiers
3.6.4 Ventilation and Air Conditioning Systems (VAC)
3.6.5 UV Air Purifier
3.6.6 Ionizer Air Purifier
3.6.7 Activated Charcoal Air Purifier
3.6.8 Pulse Radio Wave Air Cleaners
3.7 Conclusion
Acknowledgement
Bibliography
4. Air Pollution: Health Impacts and Environmental Challenges
Ulfat Jan and Navida Akhter
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Toxicology of Air Pollution
4.2.1 Particle Pollutants
4.2.2 Ground-Level Ozone
4.2.3 Carbon Monoxide (CO)
4.2.4 Sulfur Dioxide (SO2)
4.2.5 Nitrogen Oxide (NO2)
4.2.6 Lead (Pb)
4.3 Conclusions and Recommendations
Acknowledgement
References
5. Natural and Anthropogenic Source of Air Pollution, and Mechanism of Toxicity
Kaustav Dasgupta, Avik Banerjee and Shikha Kumari
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Overview of Sources
5.3 Global and Local Impacts
5.4 Types of Air Pollutants
5.5 Mechanisms of Impact on Human Health
5.5.1 Respiratory System
5.5.2 Cardiovascular System
5.5.3 Neurological Effects
5.5.4 Reproductive and Developmental Effects
5.5.5 Immune System and Cancer
5.6 Vulnerable Populations
5.6.1 Children and the Elderly
5.6.2 Pre-Existing Diseases or Health Conditions
5.6.3 Socio-Economic Conditions
5.7 Global Burden of Disease
5.8 Mitigation and Public Health Interventions
5.9 Conclusion
Acknowledgment
References
6. Recent Updates in Water Contaminants
Ananya Dave, Pratham Prasad and Shikha Kumari
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Overview of Water Contamination
6.2.1 Sources
6.2.2 Global and Local Impact
6.3 Types of Water Contaminants
6.3.1 Physical/Mechanical Contaminants
6.3.2 Chemical Contaminants
6.3.3 Pesticides and Herbicides
6.3.4 Pharmaceuticals and Personal Care Products (PPCPs)
6.3.5 Industrial Chemicals
6.3.6 Biological Contaminants
6.3.7 Radiological Contaminants
6.4 Health Risks Associated with Water Contaminants
6.4.1 Acute Health Effects
6.4.1.1 Gastrointestinal Illnesses
6.4.1.2 Acute Poisoning
6.4.2 Chronic Health Effects
6.4.2.1 Cancer
6.4.2.2 Neurological Disorders
6.4.3 Reproductive and Developmental Issues
6.4.4 Endocrine Disruption
6.5 Vulnerable Populations
6.6 Case Studies
6.6.1 Flint Water Crisis
6.6.2 Bangladesh Arsenic Contamination
6.6.3 Agricultural Runoff in the U.S. Midwest
6.6.4 Emerging Contaminants
6.7 Mitigation Strategies
6.7.1 Water Treatment Technologies
6.7.2 Government Regulations
6.7.2.1 Safe Drinking Water Act
6.7.2.2 National Primary Drinking Water Regulations
6.7.2.3 Health Advisories
6.7.3 WHO Regulation and Guidelines
6.7.4 Public Health Interventions
6.7.4.1 Water Supply
6.7.4.2 Sanitation
6.7.4.3 Hygiene
6.8 Emerging Technologies
6.8.1 Nano-Based Materials for Water Purification
6.8.2 Point-of-Use (POU) Purification Systems
6.9 Conclusion
Acknowledgment
References
7. Sources of Water Contaminants: Toxic Impacts and Remediation Approaches
Harshvadan Patel
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Types of Water Contaminants
7.2.1 Chemical Contaminants
7.2.1.1 Heavy Metals
7.2.1.2 Pesticides
7.2.1.3 Industrial Chemicals
7.2.1.4 Pharmaceuticals
7.2.2 Biological Contaminants
7.2.3 Physical Contaminants
7.2.4 Emerging Contaminants
7.3 Sources of Water Contamination
7.3.1 Natural Sources
7.3.1.1 Geological Leaching
7.3.1.2 Volcanic Activity
7.3.1.3 Weathering
7.3.2 Anthropogenic Sources
7.3.2.1 Industrial Discharges
7.3.2.2 Agricultural Runoff
7.3.2.3 Urban Wastewater
7.3.2.4 Mining Operations
7.4 Pathways of Exposure
7.4.1 Direct Consumption
7.4.2 Dermal Contact
7.4.3 Bioaccumulation
7.5 Health Impacts of Water Contaminants
7.5.1 Heavy Metals
7.5.2 Biological Contaminants
7.5.3 Emerging Contaminants
7.6 Mitigation Strategies
7.6.1 Policy and Regulation
7.6.2 Technological Solutions
7.6.2.1 Advanced Water Treatment
7.6.2.2 Bioremediation
7.6.3 Community Participation
7.7 Conclusion
Acknowledgement
References
8. Soil Pollution: Sources of Pollution and Bioremediation Pollutants from Contaminated Soil
Pooja Dhiman, Anita Rani and Ranjna Chauhan
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Sources of Soil Pollution
8.3 Effect of Soil Pollution on the Health of Human Beings
8.4 Soil Pollutant Remediation Techniques
8.4.1 In Situ Mitigation Techniques
8.4.1.1 Surface Capping
8.4.1.2 Encapsulation
8.4.1.3 Electrokinetic Extraction
8.4.1.4 Soil Flushing
8.4.1.5 Chemical Immobilization
8.4.1.6 Phytoremediations
8.4.1.7 Bioremediation
8.4.2 Ex Situ Remediation Techniques
8.4.2.1 Landfilling
8.4.2.2 Soil Washing
8.4.2.3 Solidification
8.4.2.4 Vitrification
8.5 Decision of Appropriate Remediation Strategy
8.6 Conclusion
Acknowledgment
References
9. Hazardous Health Impacts of Soil Pollution
Sujata Rathi and Deepak Kumar
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Soil: A Natural Ecosystem
9.3 Soil and Human Health
9.4 Main Threats to Soil Health and Their Deleterious Impacts on Human Health
9.4.1 Deforestation
9.4.2 Heavy Metal Toxicity
9.4.3 Pesticides
9.4.4 Microplastic
9.5 Strategies and Practices for Healthy Soil for Healthy Human
9.6 Acknowledgement
References
10. Heavy Metals Contamination: Exposure and Remediation Methods
Mamta Bisht, Manoj Shrivastava, Pooja L.R., Priyanka Meena and Shemeem Shah
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Exposure of Heavy Metals
10.2.1 Heavy Metals in Food and Water
10.2.2 Heavy Metals in Cosmetics
10.3 Effect of Heavy Metals
10.3.1 Neurotoxicity
10.3.2 Carcinogenicity
10.3.3 Cardiovascular Toxicity
10.3.4 Genotoxicity
10.3.5 Immunological Toxicity
10.4 Mechanisms of Heavy Metal Toxicity
10.5 Strategies for Managing Heavy Metal Toxicity
10.5.1 Bioremediation
10.5.2 Biosorption
10.6 Conclusion
Acknowledgment
References
11. Toxicity of Heavy Metals
Priyanka Yadav, Diksha Singh, Shivani Mishra, Kusum Yadav, Ravi Yadav, Alok Das, Gyanendra Tripathi and Ashish
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Major Sources of the Heavy Metal Exposure
11.3 Common Heavy Metals Along with Their Toxicity
11.3.1 Arsenic
11.3.2 Lead
11.3.3 Cadmium
11.3.4 Mercury
11.3.5 Chromium
11.4 Health Effects of Heavy Metal Exposure
11.5 Conclusion
Acknowledgment
References
12. Silent Killers: The Impact of Heavy Metal Contamination on Human Health
Rajni Lasyal and Brijesh Chauhan
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Sources of Heavy Metal Contamination
12.2.1 Natural Sources of Heavy Metal Contamination
12.2.2 Anthropogenic Sources of Heavy Metal Contamination
12.2.3 Case Studies of Major Heavy Metal Contamination Events
12.3 Pathways of Exposure
12.3.1 Environmental Pathways of Heavy Metal Exposure
12.3.2 Occupational Exposure in High-Risk Industries
12.4 Biological Impact on Human Health
12.4.1.1 Interaction of Heavy Metals with Biological Systems
12.4.1.2 Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms
12.4.2 Acute and Chronic Health Effects
12.4.3 Vulnerable Populations
12.5 Detection and Monitoring
12.5.1 Environmental Monitoring
12.5.2 Biological Monitoring
12.6 Health Risk Assessment and Management
12.6.1 Risk Assessment Methods
12.6.2 Strategies for Risk Management
12.7 Global Perspectives and Future Challenges
12.7.1 Global Distribution and Trends
12.7.2 Challenges in Addressing Heavy Metal Contamination
12.7.3 The Way Forward
12.8 Conclusion
12.9 Acknowledgment
References
13. Pesticides as Endocrine-Disrupting Chemicals: Effects on Human Health and Environment
Ivan Aranha
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Pesticide Use in Agriculture
13.3 Impact of Pesticides on the Endocrine System
13.4 Reproductive Health Risks of Pesticides
13.5 Common Pesticide EDCs
13.6 Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
14. Pesticide Contamination: Classification and Adverse Effects on Human Health
Neeraj Kumar, Piyus K. Pathak, Girish C. Sharma, Om Prakash, Rayeesh Ahmad Bhat and Arti Sharma
14.1 Introduction
14.2 History of Pesticides
14.3 Definition and Application of Pesticides
14.3.1 The Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO)
14.3.2 As Stated by WHO
14.4 Types or Classification of Pesticides
14.4.1 Classification Based on Toxicity
14.4.2 Classification Based on Target Pest
14.4.3 Pesticide Classification Based on Chemical Composition
14.4.4 Classification on the Basis of Source of Origin
14.4.5 Mode of Action-Based Classification
14.4.6 Mode of Entry-Based Classification
14.5 Pesticide’s Adverse Effects on Human Health
14.6 Remedial Measures
14.7 Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
15. Pesticide Contamination in Soil and Water: Type of Pesticide, Route of Expose, and Its Toxic Impacts
Priyanka Yadav, Diksha Singh, Shivani Mishra, Kusum Yadav, Ravi Yadav, Alok Das, Gyanendra Tripathi, Ashish and Alvina Farooqui
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Types of Pesticides
15.2.1 Herbicides
15.2.2 Insecticides
15.2.3 Fungicides
15.2.4 Rodenticides
15.3 Pesticide Application Methods
15.3.1 Hydraulic Sprayers
15.3.2 Backpack Sprayers
15.3.3 Basal Trunk Sprayers
15.3.4 Aerial Sprayers
15.4 Mechanisms of Pesticide Action
15.5 Exposure Pathways
15.6 Acute and Chronic Health Effects
15.7 Pesticide Regulation and Safety
15.8 Conclusion
Acknowledgement
References
16. Environmental Carcinogens and Cancer Risk
Santvana Tyagi, Brij Kishore Tiwari, Ali Akbar, Vaishnavi Srivastava, Richa Saxena and Dipti Bharti
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Types of Carcinogens
16.2.1 Physical Carcinogens
16.2.2 Biological Carcinogens
16.2.3 Endogenous Carcinogens
16.2.4 Carcinogens in the Environment
16.3 Mechanism of Carcinogenesis
16.3.1 DNA Damage
16.3.1.1 Initiation
16.3.1.2 Progression
16.4 Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs)
16.4.1 Nitroarenes
16.4.2 Particulate Matter (PM2.5)
16.4.3 Combined Effects of Carcinogens in Air Pollution
16.4.4 Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs)
16.4.5 Nitroarenes
16.4.6 Particulate Matter (PM 2.5)
16.5 Water Pollution and Related Carcinogenic Hazards
16.5.1 Types of Contaminants and Associated Risks Heavy Metals
16.5.2 Soil Contamination
16.5.3 Health Impacts of Environmental Carcinogens
16.6 Strategies for Prevention and Management
16.7 Conclusion
Acknowledgement
Bibliography
17. Nanomaterials: Environmental Presence and Health Effects
Misba Khan, Mariyam Rafi, Nisha Ali, Archana Vimal and Reena Vishvakarma
Abbreviations
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Nanomaterials: Types and Properties
17.2.1 Classification Based on Dimensions
17.2.2 Categorization According to Chemical Composition
17.2.3 Nanomaterial Classification Based on Origin
17.2.4 Fundamental Properties of Nanomaterials
17.2.4.1 Optical and Electronic Properties
17.2.4.2 Mechanical Properties
17.2.4.3 Magnetic Properties
17.2.4.4 Thermal Properties
17.2.4.5 Catalytic Reactivity
17.3 Environmental Presence and Fate of Nanomaterials
17.3.1 Sources of Nanomaterials in the Environment
17.3.1.1 Natural Nanomaterials
17.3.1.2 Incidental Nanomaterials
17.3.1.3 Engineered Nanomaterials
17.3.2 Fate and Transport in the Environment
17.3.2.1 Fate of ENMs in Wastewater Treatment
17.3.2.2 Accumulation and Damaging Effect on the Environment
17.3.2.3 Positive Effects on the Environment
17.3.2.4 Harmful Impact on the Environment
17.4 Toxic Effect of Nanomaterials on Human Health
17.4.1 Mechanism of Nanomaterials Toxicity
17.4.2 Factors Influencing Toxicity
17.4.2.1 Size of Nanoparticles
17.4.2.2 Shape of Nanoparticles
17.4.2.3 Functionalization of Nanoparticles
17.4.2.4 Exposure Period
17.4.2.5 Dosage of Nanoparticles
17.4.3 Cytotoxic Effect
17.4.4 Neurotoxic Effect
17.4.5 Disruptive Effect on Respiratory System
17.5 Regulatory Framework and Guidelines to Attenuate Toxic Effects of Nanomaterials
17.5.1 Twenty-First Century Nanotechnology and Development Act of 2003
17.5.2 Consolidated Appropriations Act of 2001
17.5.3 Steps to Regulate Nanotechnology
17.6 Conclusion
Acknowledgement
References
18. Toxicity Impacts of Heavy Metals and Potential Bioremediation Techniques
Azad Yadav and Rajesh Dhankhar
18.1 Introduction
18.1.1 Occurrence of Heavy Metals
18.1.2 Characteristics of Heavy Metals
18.2 Toxicity of Heavy Metals
18.2.1 Hepatotoxicity
18.2.2 Neurotoxicity
18.2.3 Nephrotoxicity
18.2.4 Skin Toxicity
18.2.5 Carcinogenic Toxicity
18.2.6 Reproductive Toxicity
18.2.7 Genotoxicity
18.3 Bioremediation
18.3.1 Types of Bioremediation
18.3.1.1 In Situ Bioremediation
18.3.1.2 Ex Situ Bioremediation
18.3.2 Phytoremediation
18.3.3 Microbial Based Heavy Metal Remediation
18.4 Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
19. Effect of Heavy Metal Pollution on Aquatic Microbiome
Khalid Umar Fakhri, Vani Sharma, Sugandh Kumar, Bhavya Trivedi, Durdana Yasin, Shiwali Bisht, Beenish Mirza, Syed Tauqeer Anwer, Ram Kumar Singh, Anil Kumar Mavi, Farhan Jalees Ahmad and Moshahid Alam Rizvi
19.1 Introduction
19.2 Sources of Heavy Metals
19.2.1 The Toxic Effect of Heavy Metals on Aquatic Microbes
19.3 Mechanism of Heavy Metals Detoxification by Micro-Organisms
19.4 Factors Influencing Microbial Remediation of Heavy Metals
19.4.1 Heavy Metals Impacting Human Health
19.4.2 Social Relationships, Isolation, and the Gut Microbiome of Humans
19.4.3 The Gut Microbiome: A Delicate Balance
19.4.4 Social Relationships and the Gut Microbiome
19.4.5 Future Directions and Potential Interventions
19.4.6 Longitudinal and Interventional Studies
19.5 Microbial Sharing and Cohabitation
19.5.1 Relationship Closeness and Microbial Diversity
19.5.2 Social Isolation and the Gut Microbiome
19.5.3 Stress and Inflammation
19.6 Behavioral and Environmental Factors
19.6.1 The Gut-Brain Axis and Social Behavior
19.6.2 Microbial Influence on Social Behavior
19.7 Implications for Human Health
19.7.1 Inflammation and Immune Regulation
19.7.2 Metabolic and Neurological Implications
19.8 Personalized Approaches and Precision Microbiome Modulation
19.8.1 Integrating Social and Biological Perspectives
19.8.2 Neurotoxicity
19.8.3 Carcinogenicity
19.8.4 Kidney Damage
19.8.5 Cardiovascular Effects
19.8.6 Hematological Effects
19.8.7 Hepatotoxicity
19.8.8 Reproductive and Developmental Effects
19.8.9 Mechanisms of Toxicity
19.9 The Role of Microbiomes in Heavy Metal Toxicity Gut Microbiome and Heavy Metal Absorption
19.9.1 Microbial Detoxification Mechanisms
19.10 Mitigation Strategies and Future Perspectives Bioremediation and Phytoremediation
19.10.1 Probiotic Interventions
19.10.2 Regulatory Measures and Public Awareness
19.11 Global Perspectives on the Human Gut Microbiome
19.11.1 The Global Landscape of Gut Microbial Diversity
19.12 Daily and Seasonal Rhythms: The Dynamic Nature of the Gut Microbiome
19.12.1 Ancient Origins and Co-Evolution: Tracing the Roots of the Gut Microbiome
19.12.2 Global Implications and Future Directions
19.12.3 The Global Structure of the Gut Microbiome
19.12.4 Daily and Seasonal Rhythms in the Gut Microbiome
19.12.5 Ancient Origins and Co-Evolution of the Gut Microbiome
19.12.6 Implications for Human Health
19.13 The Gut-Brain Axis and Social Behavior
19.13.1 Future Directions and Potential Interventions
19.13.2 Gut Microbiome Alterations in COVID-19 Patients
19.13.2.1 Decreased Microbial Diversity
19.13.2.2 Increased Opportunistic Pathogens
19.13.2.3 Gut-Lung Axis and Respiratory Dysfunction
19.14 Mechanisms Underlying Gut Microbiome Alterations Immune System Dysregulation
19.14.1 Direct Viral Effects
19.14.2 Antibiotic Use
19.15 Implications for Patient Management and Recovery
19.15.1 Probiotics and Prebiotics
19.15.2 Microbiota-Based Interventions
19.16 Long-Term Health Implications
19.16.1 Post-Acute COVID-19 Syndrome (PACS)
19.16.2 Chronic Inflammation and Immune Dysregulation
19.17 Future Research Directions
19.17.1 Understanding Microbial Risk Factors
19.17.2 Exploring the Gut Virome and Mycobiome
19.17.3 Developing Novel Therapeutics
Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
20. Future Directions in Environmental Toxicology and Health Research
Richa Gupta, Neeraj Choudhary, Meena Sorout, Richa Saxena and Punita Jain
20.1 Introduction
20.2 Advances in Research Models
20.2.1 3D Cell Cultures
20.2.2 Organ-on-Chip
20.3 Technological Innovations in Environmental Health Monitoring
20.3.1 AI-Driven Data Analytics and Machine Learning
20.3.2 Wearable Technologies for Real-Time Exposure Monitoring
20.3.3 High-Throughput Screening and In Silico Models
20.3.4 Integration of Omics Technologies
20.4 Global Collaboration on Climate Change and Environmental Toxicology
20.4.1 Exposure to Pollutants Due to Climate Change
20.4.2 Differential Impact on Vulnerable Groups
20.4.3 Transboundary Movement of Pollutants
20.4.4 Climate Change as a Multiplier of Environmental Health Hazards
20.4.5 International Data Sharing and Research Collaboration
20.5 Personalized Environmental Health
20.6 Risk Profile Adjustment
20.7 Building Targeted Interventions
20.8 Exploring the Exposome
20.9 Definition and Importance
20.10 Integration of Genetic and Environmental Data
20.11 Significance of Collaboration
20.11.1 Interdisciplinary Collaboration
20.11.2 Public-Private Partnerships
20.11.3 International Collaboration
20.11.4 Policy Engagement
20.11.5 Community Involvement
20.12 Conclusion
Acknowledgment
Bibliography
About the Editors
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