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Submit a ProposalOro-Facial Bone Grafts and Biomaterials
 | Edited by Randa Abdulmoein Alfotawi
Copyright: 2026 | Expected Pub Date:2026/05/30 ISBN: 9781394398485 | Hardcover | 344 pages |
One Line Description
In the ever-evolving field of maxillofacial surgery, the role of bone grafts and biomaterials have become paramount in enhancing patient outcomes; this book provides an in-depth exploration of these critical components, drawing from the latest clinical evidence and technological advancements.
Audience
Researchers active in dental, medical, and biomaterials sciences, oral and maxillofacial surgeons, dentists, tissue engineers, as well as materials scientists, will find valuable information on the latest progress and novel approaches, as will all those who are looking for better solutions to the problems associated with facial deformities.
Researchers active in dental, medical, and biomaterials sciences, oral and maxillofacial surgeons, dentists, tissue engineers, as well as materials scientists, will find valuable information on the latest progress and novel approaches, as will all those who are looking for better solutions to the problems associated with facial deformities.
Description
A majority of the global population may require repair or replacement of oro-facial structures caused by loss of teeth as well as major craniofacial defects, necessitating complex tissue augmentation or regeneration procedures. As a result of exciting developments and the increasing number of novel bone graft materials and different clinical applications, it is extremely important to understand these graft materials, their design, and mechanism of actions. “Oro-Facial Bone Grafts and Biomaterials: Bone Graft and Biomaterials” integrates the application of well-known graft materials and the advanced supplementary techniques and science behind them. It describes the recent advances, the role of cutting-edge biomaterials in engineering oral tissues, surface modification technologies, the emerging field of facial bone grafts /facial rejuvenation, and clinical translation,
showing future directions in oral and oro-maxillofacial health care. There is also a
full chapter enumerating the available bone graft materials that have FDA approval.
Readers will find the book:
• Provides thorough documentation and explanation of the various types of bone
grafting for application in the maxillofacial region;
• Explains the complex signalling process for tissue engineering in a simplified manner, which will appeal to those who are new to the field;
• Details the importance of understanding the morphological and radiographic characteristics of the orbital cavity as well as the maxillary and mandibular bones, highlighting the anatomical considerations for the successful reconstruction of the bony foundation.
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A majority of the global population may require repair or replacement of oro-facial structures caused by loss of teeth as well as major craniofacial defects, necessitating complex tissue augmentation or regeneration procedures. As a result of exciting developments and the increasing number of novel bone graft materials and different clinical applications, it is extremely important to understand these graft materials, their design, and mechanism of actions. “Oro-Facial Bone Grafts and Biomaterials: Bone Graft and Biomaterials” integrates the application of well-known graft materials and the advanced supplementary techniques and science behind them. It describes the recent advances, the role of cutting-edge biomaterials in engineering oral tissues, surface modification technologies, the emerging field of facial bone grafts /facial rejuvenation, and clinical translation,
showing future directions in oral and oro-maxillofacial health care. There is also a
full chapter enumerating the available bone graft materials that have FDA approval.
Readers will find the book:
• Provides thorough documentation and explanation of the various types of bone
grafting for application in the maxillofacial region;
• Explains the complex signalling process for tissue engineering in a simplified manner, which will appeal to those who are new to the field;
• Details the importance of understanding the morphological and radiographic characteristics of the orbital cavity as well as the maxillary and mandibular bones, highlighting the anatomical considerations for the successful reconstruction of the bony foundation.
Back to Top
Author / Editor Details
Randa A. Alfotawi, PhD is an Associate Professor & Clinical Consultant in Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. She received her PhD in bone and tissue engineering for a novel flap model for reconstructive surgery from the University of Glasgow, Scotland. Her research specialty and interests include regenerative medicine/ bone bioengineering using stem cells/ biomaterials research, looking for innovative autogenous bone scaffolding. She has published about 40 journal articles in international journals, contributed several book chapters and authored one book.
Randa A. Alfotawi, PhD is an Associate Professor & Clinical Consultant in Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, Riyadh, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. She received her PhD in bone and tissue engineering for a novel flap model for reconstructive surgery from the University of Glasgow, Scotland. Her research specialty and interests include regenerative medicine/ bone bioengineering using stem cells/ biomaterials research, looking for innovative autogenous bone scaffolding. She has published about 40 journal articles in international journals, contributed several book chapters and authored one book.
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Table of Contents
Foreword
Preface
Acknowledgment
1. Definitions
Randa A. Alfotawi
1.1 Definitions
1.1.1 Allografts
1.1.2 Alloplasts
1.1.3 Antibody
1.1.4 Antigen
1.1.5 Autogenous
1.1.6 Bone–Implant Contact (BIC)
1.1.7 Bioactive Material
1.1.8 Biodegradation
1.1.9 Bioengineered Graft
1.1.10 Bioinert Graft
1.1.11 Biomaterials
1.1.12 Biomimetic Graft
1.1.13 Bone Graft
1.1.14 Bone Remodelling
1.1.15 Cell Surface Markers
1.1.16 Composite Bone Graft
1.1.17 Cumulative Survival Rate (CSR)
1.1.18 Extracellular Matrix (ECM)
1.1.19 Graft
1.1.20 Gene Expression
1.1.21 Foreign Body Reaction
1.1.22 Flap
1.1.23 Immunohistochemistry
1.1.24 Macrophages
1.1.25 Osteoblasts
1.1.26 Osteocytes
1.1.27 Osteogenesis
1.1.28 Osteoinduction
1.1.29 Osteoconduction
1.1.30 Osteoclasts
1.1.31 Osteointegration Graft
1.1.32 Osteoid Matrix
1.1.33 Osteogenic Proteins
1.1.34 Radiostereometric Analysis
1.1.35 Regeneration
1.1.36 Regenerative Medicine
1.1.37 Reconstructions
1.1.38 Rejuvenation
1.1.39 Reverse Torque Test
1.1.40 Scaffolds
1.1.41 Signalling System
1.1.42 Tissue Engineering
1.1.43 Xenograft, Xenotransplantation
References
2. Anatomical Considerations of Facial Bone Reconstruction
Maryam Alhindi, Mohammed Binsalah and Afnan AlJuaid
2.1 Orbital Bone Grafting
2.1.1 Orbital Wall Anatomy
2.1.2 Classification of Orbital Bone Fracture
2.1.3 Reconstruction of the Orbit
2.1.4 Complication of Orbital Reconstruction
2.2 Maxillary Bone Grafting
2.2.1 The Maxilla: Basic Anatomy
2.2.2 Neurovascular Considerations
2.2.3 The Pterygopalatine Fossa
2.2.4 The Maxillary Sinus
2.2.5 Key Considerations
2.2.6 Soft Tissue Considerations
2.2.6.1 The Buccal Fat Pad
2.2.6.2 Facial Expression Muscles
2.2.7 Surgical Approaches to the Maxilla
2.3 Mandibular Bone Grafting
2.3.1 Surgical Anatomy of the Mandible
2.3.2 Regional Considerations
2.3.2.1 Posterior Mandible
2.3.2.2 Anterior Mandible
2.3.2.3 Ramus Region
2.3.3 Radiographic and Surgical Planning
2.3.4 Graft Material Selection
2.3.5 Anatomically Driven Surgical Techniques
2.3.6 Complications and Anatomical Basis
2.3.7 Paediatric and Geriatric Considerations
2.3.8 Clinical Pearls
2.4 Conclusion
References
3. Bone and Bone Substitutes Grafts Resorption Rate
Raniah Abdullah Al Eid
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Examination Techniques of Bone Healing, Remodeling, and Graft Integration
3.2.1 Histological and Histomorphometric
3.2.2 Immunohistochemistry (IHC)
3.2.3 Radiographic Evaluation
3.2.4 Microcomputed Tomography (μCT)
3.3 Mechanism of Bone Graft Healing
3.4 Bone Remodeling
3.5 Types of Bone Grafts and Their Resorption Rates
3.5.1 Autografts
3.5.1.1 Source
3.5.1.2 Resorption Rate
3.5.1.3 Resorption Duration
3.5.1.4 Cellular and Molecular Cascades Following Bone Autograft
3.5.2 Allografts
3.5.2.1 Source
3.5.3 Xenografts
3.5.3.1 Resorption Rate and Time
3.5.3.2 Cellular and Molecular Cascades After Xenograft
3.5.4 Alloplastic Materials or Synthetic Grafts
3.5.4.1 Hydroxyapatite (HA)
3.5.4.2 Calcium Sulfate (CS)
3.5.4.3 Calcium Phosphate Cements (CPCs)
3.5.4.4 Bioactive Glass
3.5.4.5 Poly(Methyl Methacrylate) (PMMA) Bone Cement
3.5.4.6 Magnesium Barrier Membranes (NOVAMag®)
3.5.5 Molecular and Cellular Cascades After the Alloplast
3.6 Factors Influencing Resorption and Degradation
3.6.1 Patient-Related Factors
3.6.2 Material Properties
3.6.3 Strategies for Prolonging Structural Support
3.6.3.1 Utilizing Slowly Resorbing Materials
3.6.3.2 Adjusting Graft Size and Density
3.6.3.3 Surface Coatings and Modifications
3.6.3.4 Cross-Linking and Polymerization
3.6.3.5 Controlled Release Systems
3.6.4 Manipulating the Local Biological Environment
3.7 Conclusion
References
4. Mechanism of Action of Bone Grafts
Paramjit Kaur Khinda
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Mechanism of Action of Bone Graft Materials
4.2.1 Osteogenesis
4.2.2 Growth Factor Signaling
4.2.3 Transcription Factors
4.2.4 Extracellular Matrix (ECM) Synthesis
4.2.5 Mineralization
4.2.6 Osteoinduction
4.2.7 Osteoconduction
4.3 Structural Characteristics for Osteoconduction
4.4 Ideal Requirements for Bone Grafts and Substitutes
4.5 Factors Influencing Graft Integration and Success
4.5.1 Biological Factors
4.5.2 Mechanical Factors
4.5.3 Patient-Specific Factors
4.6 Advantages and Disadvantages of Bone Grafting
4.7 Emerging Technologies and Advanced Grafting Materials in Bone Regeneration
4.8 Clinical Outcomes and Complications
4.9 Future Directions in Bone Graft Mechanisms
References
5. Osteointegration
Randa A. Alfotawi
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Biological Osseointegration
5.2.1 Osteogenesis and the Contact Distance
5.2.2 The Effect of Loading Implant and Distance on Osseointegration
5.3 Materials Known to Osteointegrate
5.3.1 Titanium (Ti)
5.3.1.1 Surface Modification to Enhance Osteointegration
5.3.1.2 Implant Modification
5.3.1.3 Effect of Surface Modification on Osteointegration
5.3.2 Yttria-Stabilized Tetragonal Zirconia Polycrystals (Y-TZPs)
5.3.3 Polyetheretherketone (PEEK)
5.4 Conclusion
References
6. Autogenous Bone Graft
Yaser AlNatheer and Sameh A. Seif
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Free Bone Graft
6.2.1 Techniques
6.2.1.1 The Mandibular Symphysis
6.2.1.2 Ramal Bone Grafts
6.2.1.3 Ilium Bone Grafts
6.3 Particulate Cancellous Bone Marrow Grafts (PCBMs)
6.4 Evidence of Using Composite Bone Grafts
6.5 Success Rate vs Complications
6.5.1 Donor Site Morbidity
6.5.2 Graft Site Complications
6.6 Conclusion
References
7. Allografts in Oral and Maxillofacial Reconstruction
Sree Lalita Kotha, Shams Altwaim and Antonio Palma
7.1 Introduction
7.2 History
7.3 Processing and Sterilization Techniques
7.3.1 Decreasing the Risk of Disease Transfer
7.3.2 Increasing the Availability of Growth Factors (Demineralization)
7.3.3 Decreasing the Immunogenic Reaction (Decellularization)
7.3.4 Enhancing the Shelf Life
7.4 Types of Allografts
7.4.1 Bone Grafts
7.4.1.1 Mineralized Bone Allograft
7.4.1.2 Demineralized Bone Matrix (DBM)
7.4.1.3 Extracellular Matrix (ECM)
7.4.1.4 Decellularized Bone Extracellular Matrix (dECM)
7.4.2 Cartilage Grafts
7.4.2.1 Osteochondral Graft
7.4.2.2 Cellular Cartilage
7.4.2.3 Cartilage ECM/Extracellular Matrix Cartilage Allograft (EMCA)
7.4.3 Epithelial Grafts
7.4.3.1 Dermal ECM (Acellular Dermal Matrix)
7.4.3.2 Amniotic Membrane
7.4.4 Other Connective Tissue Grafts
7.4.4.1 Fascia Lata Allograft
7.4.4.2 Lyophilized Dura Mater
7.4.5 Nerve Grafts
7.4.5.1 Processed Nerve Allograft
7.5 Advantages of Allografts
7.6 Limitations and Concerns
7.7 Future Directions
7.8 Conclusion
References
8. Xenografts
Manju Roby Philip
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Types and Sources
8.3 Factors Affecting Selection
8.3.1 Type of Materials and Manufacturing
8.3.2 The Particle Size and Morphology
8.3.3 Patient Factors
8.4 Biodegradation
8.5 Uses in Maxillofacial Surgery, Outcomes, and Success Rates
8.5.1 Sinus Floor Augmentation
8.5.2 Alveolar Ridge Preservation (ARP)
8.5.3 Ridge Augmentation (Horizontal and Vertical)
8.5.4 Local Bone Defect Filling/Peri-Implant Defects
8.5.5 Injectable Dermal Fillers/Skin Substitutes
8.5.6 Reconstruction of Critical-Size Bone Defects
8.6 Products: Common Trade Names and Applications
8.7 Other Clinical Indications
8.8 Complications
8.8.1 Delayed Type of Hypersensitivity
8.8.2 Delayed Bone Regeneration
8.9 Xenografts—Ethics and Public Policy
8.10 Patient-Derived Xenograft Models
References
9. Alloplastic Bone Graft
Randa A. Alfotawi
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Mineral Substitute Ceramic
9.2.1 Ceramic
9.2.1.1 Clinical Application
9.3 Bioactive Glass
9.3.1 Silica–Calcium Phosphate Composite (SCPS)
9.3.1.1 Clinical Application
9.3.2 Polymers
9.3.2.1 High-Density Polyethylene
9.3.2.2 Clinical Application
9.3.3 Polyetheretherketone (PEEK)
9.3.3.1 Clinical Application
9.4 Mineral Composites
9.4.1 Clinical Application
9.5 Injectable Cement
9.5.1 Clinical Application
9.6 Conclusion
References
10. Commercially Available Graft Materials FDA Approved and the Supporting Studies
Randa A. Alfotawi
10.1 Introduction
10.2 What is FDA Approved
10.3 Enhancing Bone Regeneration with Bioactive Material
10.4 Conclusion
References
11. Graft Materials Used for Facial Rejuvenation and the Evidence
Hourya Alnofaie and Nasser Asiri
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Types of Alloplastic Graft Materials
11.2.1 Titanium
11.2.2 Silicone
11.2.3 Porous Polyethylene (PE) [Medpor]
11.2.4 Polyetheretherketone (PEEK)
11.2.5 Polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA)
11.2.6 Polytetrafluorethylene and Expanded Polytetrafluorethylene
11.2.7 Calcium Phosphate
11.2.8 Composite Implants
11.3 Conclusion
References
12. Supplementary Techniques in Bone Grafting Procedures for Jaw Bones
Reham A.L. Jasser
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Platelet Concentrates
12.2.1 Platelet-Rich Plasma
12.2.1.1 Mechanism of Action
12.2.1.2 Clinical Applications
12.2.1.3 Leukocyte Platelet-Rich Fibrin
12.2.1.4 Advanced Platelet-Rich Fibrin
12.2.1.5 Injectable Platelet-Rich Fibrin
12.2.2 Concentrated Growth Factor
12.2.2.1 Mechanism of Action
12.2.2.2 Clinical Applications
12.3 Other Growth Factors
12.3.1 Bone Morphogenetic Proteins
12.3.1.1 Mechanism of Action
12.3.1.2 Clinical Applications
12.3.2 Platelet-Derived Growth Factor
12.3.2.1 Mechanism of Action
12.3.2.2 Clinical Applications
12.3.3 Transforming Growth Factor-Beta
12.3.3.1 Mechanism of Action
12.3.3.2 Clinical Applications
12.3.4 Enamel Matrix Derivatives
12.3.4.1 Mechanism of Action
12.3.4.2 Clinical Applications
12.4 Conclusions
References
13. Histological Assessment of Bone Grafts and Substitute Materials Used in Bone Regeneration
Sundar Ramalingam, Chalini Sundar and Randa A. Alfotawi
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Histological Techniques in Bone Regeneration Research
13.2.1 Decalcified and Undecalcified Specimen Processing
13.2.2 Staining Techniques in Histological Assessment of Bone Regeneration
13.2.3 Quantitative Histology
13.3 Microscopy Techniques for Histological Assessment of Bone Grafts
13.4 General Histological Characteristics of Different Bone Graft Materials
13.4.1 Synthetic Bone Substitutes
13.4.1.1 Beta-Tricalcium Phosphate (β-TCP)
13.4.1.2 Biphasic Calcium Phosphate (BCP)
13.4.2 Allografts
13.4.3 Autografts
13.4.4 Xenografts
13.4.4.1 Bovine Bone
13.4.4.2 Equine Bone
13.4.5 Alternative Grafting Tissues
13.4.5.1 Fat Grafts
13.4.5.2 Skeletal Muscle Grafts
13.5 Adjunctive Biological Agents to Enhance Bone Regeneration
13.5.1 Bone Morphogenetic Proteins (BMPs)
13.5.2 Platelet-Derived Growth Factor (PDGF)
13.5.3 Bone Marrow-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells (BMSCs)
13.5.4 Vitamin D
13.5.5 Synergistic Effects and Future Directions
13.6 Clinical Significance and Future Research Directions
13.6.1 Clinical Significance
13.6.2 Future Research Directions
13.7 Conclusion
References
Index
Back to Top
Foreword
Preface
Acknowledgment
1. Definitions
Randa A. Alfotawi
1.1 Definitions
1.1.1 Allografts
1.1.2 Alloplasts
1.1.3 Antibody
1.1.4 Antigen
1.1.5 Autogenous
1.1.6 Bone–Implant Contact (BIC)
1.1.7 Bioactive Material
1.1.8 Biodegradation
1.1.9 Bioengineered Graft
1.1.10 Bioinert Graft
1.1.11 Biomaterials
1.1.12 Biomimetic Graft
1.1.13 Bone Graft
1.1.14 Bone Remodelling
1.1.15 Cell Surface Markers
1.1.16 Composite Bone Graft
1.1.17 Cumulative Survival Rate (CSR)
1.1.18 Extracellular Matrix (ECM)
1.1.19 Graft
1.1.20 Gene Expression
1.1.21 Foreign Body Reaction
1.1.22 Flap
1.1.23 Immunohistochemistry
1.1.24 Macrophages
1.1.25 Osteoblasts
1.1.26 Osteocytes
1.1.27 Osteogenesis
1.1.28 Osteoinduction
1.1.29 Osteoconduction
1.1.30 Osteoclasts
1.1.31 Osteointegration Graft
1.1.32 Osteoid Matrix
1.1.33 Osteogenic Proteins
1.1.34 Radiostereometric Analysis
1.1.35 Regeneration
1.1.36 Regenerative Medicine
1.1.37 Reconstructions
1.1.38 Rejuvenation
1.1.39 Reverse Torque Test
1.1.40 Scaffolds
1.1.41 Signalling System
1.1.42 Tissue Engineering
1.1.43 Xenograft, Xenotransplantation
References
2. Anatomical Considerations of Facial Bone Reconstruction
Maryam Alhindi, Mohammed Binsalah and Afnan AlJuaid
2.1 Orbital Bone Grafting
2.1.1 Orbital Wall Anatomy
2.1.2 Classification of Orbital Bone Fracture
2.1.3 Reconstruction of the Orbit
2.1.4 Complication of Orbital Reconstruction
2.2 Maxillary Bone Grafting
2.2.1 The Maxilla: Basic Anatomy
2.2.2 Neurovascular Considerations
2.2.3 The Pterygopalatine Fossa
2.2.4 The Maxillary Sinus
2.2.5 Key Considerations
2.2.6 Soft Tissue Considerations
2.2.6.1 The Buccal Fat Pad
2.2.6.2 Facial Expression Muscles
2.2.7 Surgical Approaches to the Maxilla
2.3 Mandibular Bone Grafting
2.3.1 Surgical Anatomy of the Mandible
2.3.2 Regional Considerations
2.3.2.1 Posterior Mandible
2.3.2.2 Anterior Mandible
2.3.2.3 Ramus Region
2.3.3 Radiographic and Surgical Planning
2.3.4 Graft Material Selection
2.3.5 Anatomically Driven Surgical Techniques
2.3.6 Complications and Anatomical Basis
2.3.7 Paediatric and Geriatric Considerations
2.3.8 Clinical Pearls
2.4 Conclusion
References
3. Bone and Bone Substitutes Grafts Resorption Rate
Raniah Abdullah Al Eid
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Examination Techniques of Bone Healing, Remodeling, and Graft Integration
3.2.1 Histological and Histomorphometric
3.2.2 Immunohistochemistry (IHC)
3.2.3 Radiographic Evaluation
3.2.4 Microcomputed Tomography (μCT)
3.3 Mechanism of Bone Graft Healing
3.4 Bone Remodeling
3.5 Types of Bone Grafts and Their Resorption Rates
3.5.1 Autografts
3.5.1.1 Source
3.5.1.2 Resorption Rate
3.5.1.3 Resorption Duration
3.5.1.4 Cellular and Molecular Cascades Following Bone Autograft
3.5.2 Allografts
3.5.2.1 Source
3.5.3 Xenografts
3.5.3.1 Resorption Rate and Time
3.5.3.2 Cellular and Molecular Cascades After Xenograft
3.5.4 Alloplastic Materials or Synthetic Grafts
3.5.4.1 Hydroxyapatite (HA)
3.5.4.2 Calcium Sulfate (CS)
3.5.4.3 Calcium Phosphate Cements (CPCs)
3.5.4.4 Bioactive Glass
3.5.4.5 Poly(Methyl Methacrylate) (PMMA) Bone Cement
3.5.4.6 Magnesium Barrier Membranes (NOVAMag®)
3.5.5 Molecular and Cellular Cascades After the Alloplast
3.6 Factors Influencing Resorption and Degradation
3.6.1 Patient-Related Factors
3.6.2 Material Properties
3.6.3 Strategies for Prolonging Structural Support
3.6.3.1 Utilizing Slowly Resorbing Materials
3.6.3.2 Adjusting Graft Size and Density
3.6.3.3 Surface Coatings and Modifications
3.6.3.4 Cross-Linking and Polymerization
3.6.3.5 Controlled Release Systems
3.6.4 Manipulating the Local Biological Environment
3.7 Conclusion
References
4. Mechanism of Action of Bone Grafts
Paramjit Kaur Khinda
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Mechanism of Action of Bone Graft Materials
4.2.1 Osteogenesis
4.2.2 Growth Factor Signaling
4.2.3 Transcription Factors
4.2.4 Extracellular Matrix (ECM) Synthesis
4.2.5 Mineralization
4.2.6 Osteoinduction
4.2.7 Osteoconduction
4.3 Structural Characteristics for Osteoconduction
4.4 Ideal Requirements for Bone Grafts and Substitutes
4.5 Factors Influencing Graft Integration and Success
4.5.1 Biological Factors
4.5.2 Mechanical Factors
4.5.3 Patient-Specific Factors
4.6 Advantages and Disadvantages of Bone Grafting
4.7 Emerging Technologies and Advanced Grafting Materials in Bone Regeneration
4.8 Clinical Outcomes and Complications
4.9 Future Directions in Bone Graft Mechanisms
References
5. Osteointegration
Randa A. Alfotawi
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Biological Osseointegration
5.2.1 Osteogenesis and the Contact Distance
5.2.2 The Effect of Loading Implant and Distance on Osseointegration
5.3 Materials Known to Osteointegrate
5.3.1 Titanium (Ti)
5.3.1.1 Surface Modification to Enhance Osteointegration
5.3.1.2 Implant Modification
5.3.1.3 Effect of Surface Modification on Osteointegration
5.3.2 Yttria-Stabilized Tetragonal Zirconia Polycrystals (Y-TZPs)
5.3.3 Polyetheretherketone (PEEK)
5.4 Conclusion
References
6. Autogenous Bone Graft
Yaser AlNatheer and Sameh A. Seif
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Free Bone Graft
6.2.1 Techniques
6.2.1.1 The Mandibular Symphysis
6.2.1.2 Ramal Bone Grafts
6.2.1.3 Ilium Bone Grafts
6.3 Particulate Cancellous Bone Marrow Grafts (PCBMs)
6.4 Evidence of Using Composite Bone Grafts
6.5 Success Rate vs Complications
6.5.1 Donor Site Morbidity
6.5.2 Graft Site Complications
6.6 Conclusion
References
7. Allografts in Oral and Maxillofacial Reconstruction
Sree Lalita Kotha, Shams Altwaim and Antonio Palma
7.1 Introduction
7.2 History
7.3 Processing and Sterilization Techniques
7.3.1 Decreasing the Risk of Disease Transfer
7.3.2 Increasing the Availability of Growth Factors (Demineralization)
7.3.3 Decreasing the Immunogenic Reaction (Decellularization)
7.3.4 Enhancing the Shelf Life
7.4 Types of Allografts
7.4.1 Bone Grafts
7.4.1.1 Mineralized Bone Allograft
7.4.1.2 Demineralized Bone Matrix (DBM)
7.4.1.3 Extracellular Matrix (ECM)
7.4.1.4 Decellularized Bone Extracellular Matrix (dECM)
7.4.2 Cartilage Grafts
7.4.2.1 Osteochondral Graft
7.4.2.2 Cellular Cartilage
7.4.2.3 Cartilage ECM/Extracellular Matrix Cartilage Allograft (EMCA)
7.4.3 Epithelial Grafts
7.4.3.1 Dermal ECM (Acellular Dermal Matrix)
7.4.3.2 Amniotic Membrane
7.4.4 Other Connective Tissue Grafts
7.4.4.1 Fascia Lata Allograft
7.4.4.2 Lyophilized Dura Mater
7.4.5 Nerve Grafts
7.4.5.1 Processed Nerve Allograft
7.5 Advantages of Allografts
7.6 Limitations and Concerns
7.7 Future Directions
7.8 Conclusion
References
8. Xenografts
Manju Roby Philip
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Types and Sources
8.3 Factors Affecting Selection
8.3.1 Type of Materials and Manufacturing
8.3.2 The Particle Size and Morphology
8.3.3 Patient Factors
8.4 Biodegradation
8.5 Uses in Maxillofacial Surgery, Outcomes, and Success Rates
8.5.1 Sinus Floor Augmentation
8.5.2 Alveolar Ridge Preservation (ARP)
8.5.3 Ridge Augmentation (Horizontal and Vertical)
8.5.4 Local Bone Defect Filling/Peri-Implant Defects
8.5.5 Injectable Dermal Fillers/Skin Substitutes
8.5.6 Reconstruction of Critical-Size Bone Defects
8.6 Products: Common Trade Names and Applications
8.7 Other Clinical Indications
8.8 Complications
8.8.1 Delayed Type of Hypersensitivity
8.8.2 Delayed Bone Regeneration
8.9 Xenografts—Ethics and Public Policy
8.10 Patient-Derived Xenograft Models
References
9. Alloplastic Bone Graft
Randa A. Alfotawi
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Mineral Substitute Ceramic
9.2.1 Ceramic
9.2.1.1 Clinical Application
9.3 Bioactive Glass
9.3.1 Silica–Calcium Phosphate Composite (SCPS)
9.3.1.1 Clinical Application
9.3.2 Polymers
9.3.2.1 High-Density Polyethylene
9.3.2.2 Clinical Application
9.3.3 Polyetheretherketone (PEEK)
9.3.3.1 Clinical Application
9.4 Mineral Composites
9.4.1 Clinical Application
9.5 Injectable Cement
9.5.1 Clinical Application
9.6 Conclusion
References
10. Commercially Available Graft Materials FDA Approved and the Supporting Studies
Randa A. Alfotawi
10.1 Introduction
10.2 What is FDA Approved
10.3 Enhancing Bone Regeneration with Bioactive Material
10.4 Conclusion
References
11. Graft Materials Used for Facial Rejuvenation and the Evidence
Hourya Alnofaie and Nasser Asiri
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Types of Alloplastic Graft Materials
11.2.1 Titanium
11.2.2 Silicone
11.2.3 Porous Polyethylene (PE) [Medpor]
11.2.4 Polyetheretherketone (PEEK)
11.2.5 Polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA)
11.2.6 Polytetrafluorethylene and Expanded Polytetrafluorethylene
11.2.7 Calcium Phosphate
11.2.8 Composite Implants
11.3 Conclusion
References
12. Supplementary Techniques in Bone Grafting Procedures for Jaw Bones
Reham A.L. Jasser
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Platelet Concentrates
12.2.1 Platelet-Rich Plasma
12.2.1.1 Mechanism of Action
12.2.1.2 Clinical Applications
12.2.1.3 Leukocyte Platelet-Rich Fibrin
12.2.1.4 Advanced Platelet-Rich Fibrin
12.2.1.5 Injectable Platelet-Rich Fibrin
12.2.2 Concentrated Growth Factor
12.2.2.1 Mechanism of Action
12.2.2.2 Clinical Applications
12.3 Other Growth Factors
12.3.1 Bone Morphogenetic Proteins
12.3.1.1 Mechanism of Action
12.3.1.2 Clinical Applications
12.3.2 Platelet-Derived Growth Factor
12.3.2.1 Mechanism of Action
12.3.2.2 Clinical Applications
12.3.3 Transforming Growth Factor-Beta
12.3.3.1 Mechanism of Action
12.3.3.2 Clinical Applications
12.3.4 Enamel Matrix Derivatives
12.3.4.1 Mechanism of Action
12.3.4.2 Clinical Applications
12.4 Conclusions
References
13. Histological Assessment of Bone Grafts and Substitute Materials Used in Bone Regeneration
Sundar Ramalingam, Chalini Sundar and Randa A. Alfotawi
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Histological Techniques in Bone Regeneration Research
13.2.1 Decalcified and Undecalcified Specimen Processing
13.2.2 Staining Techniques in Histological Assessment of Bone Regeneration
13.2.3 Quantitative Histology
13.3 Microscopy Techniques for Histological Assessment of Bone Grafts
13.4 General Histological Characteristics of Different Bone Graft Materials
13.4.1 Synthetic Bone Substitutes
13.4.1.1 Beta-Tricalcium Phosphate (β-TCP)
13.4.1.2 Biphasic Calcium Phosphate (BCP)
13.4.2 Allografts
13.4.3 Autografts
13.4.4 Xenografts
13.4.4.1 Bovine Bone
13.4.4.2 Equine Bone
13.4.5 Alternative Grafting Tissues
13.4.5.1 Fat Grafts
13.4.5.2 Skeletal Muscle Grafts
13.5 Adjunctive Biological Agents to Enhance Bone Regeneration
13.5.1 Bone Morphogenetic Proteins (BMPs)
13.5.2 Platelet-Derived Growth Factor (PDGF)
13.5.3 Bone Marrow-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells (BMSCs)
13.5.4 Vitamin D
13.5.5 Synergistic Effects and Future Directions
13.6 Clinical Significance and Future Research Directions
13.6.1 Clinical Significance
13.6.2 Future Research Directions
13.7 Conclusion
References
Index
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