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Submit a ProposalGreen Engineering and Sustainable Technology
 | Tools and Techniques Edited by Senthilkumar Rathnasamy, Vivek Rangarajan and Umile Gianfranco Spizzirri Copyright: 2026 | Expected Pub Date:2026/01/30 ISBN: 9781394303403 | Hardcover | 310 pages |
One Line Description
Secure your place at the forefront of the green revolution with this authoritative,
expert-led guide to the latest innovations in green solvents, energy storage,
and sustainable processes to transform industrial efficiency.
Audience
Sustainability, chemical and civil engineers, environmental researchers, biotechnologists, environmental scientists who think beyond conventional practices and seek technologically advanced solutions to sustainability.
Sustainability, chemical and civil engineers, environmental researchers, biotechnologists, environmental scientists who think beyond conventional practices and seek technologically advanced solutions to sustainability.
Description
Modern sustainable development revolves around green engineering for designing processes and technologies that minimize environmental impact while maximizing efficiency. This book is an authoritative resource that presents the latest sustainable engineering innovations on materials, processes, and methods that reduce environmental consequences. It provides a holistic account of advances in sustainable engineering, delving into tools and techniques driving sustainable engineering. It demonstrates how we can minimize environmental impacts from industry by enhancing industrial efficacy. The book highlights green solvents such as deep eutectic solvents and ionic liquids, which have significance across energy storage, electrochemistry, and subsequent extraction, that emphasize sustainable fermentation, nano-emulsions, glycan separation, and green electrolytes for energy storage. Whether you are designing green infrastructure, designing energy-efficient products, or are involved in battery technologies, this essential guide provides several necessary tools and insights to catalyze inspiration and innovation to develop a cleaner and more sustainable future.
Readers will find the volume:
• Bridges the gap between green engineering concepts and practical applications, providing insights into how green principles are developed into sustainable technology;
• Focuses on green engineering practices that provide innovative solutions to existing problems and leading to new processes and products that uphold sustainability;
• Delves into groundbreaking developments in environmentally and economically advantageous sustainable technology.
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Modern sustainable development revolves around green engineering for designing processes and technologies that minimize environmental impact while maximizing efficiency. This book is an authoritative resource that presents the latest sustainable engineering innovations on materials, processes, and methods that reduce environmental consequences. It provides a holistic account of advances in sustainable engineering, delving into tools and techniques driving sustainable engineering. It demonstrates how we can minimize environmental impacts from industry by enhancing industrial efficacy. The book highlights green solvents such as deep eutectic solvents and ionic liquids, which have significance across energy storage, electrochemistry, and subsequent extraction, that emphasize sustainable fermentation, nano-emulsions, glycan separation, and green electrolytes for energy storage. Whether you are designing green infrastructure, designing energy-efficient products, or are involved in battery technologies, this essential guide provides several necessary tools and insights to catalyze inspiration and innovation to develop a cleaner and more sustainable future.
Readers will find the volume:
• Bridges the gap between green engineering concepts and practical applications, providing insights into how green principles are developed into sustainable technology;
• Focuses on green engineering practices that provide innovative solutions to existing problems and leading to new processes and products that uphold sustainability;
• Delves into groundbreaking developments in environmentally and economically advantageous sustainable technology.
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Author / Editor Details
Senthilkumar Rathnasamy, PhD is a researcher and developer of green engineering solutions with more than two decades of academic and research experience. He serves as a Senior Assistant Professor in the School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed to be University, Thanjavur, India, and has made significant contributions to the fields of biochemical engineering, bioseparation, and protein purification, focusing on sustainability-driven innovations.
Senthilkumar Rathnasamy, PhD is a researcher and developer of green engineering solutions with more than two decades of academic and research experience. He serves as a Senior Assistant Professor in the School of Chemical and Biotechnology, SASTRA Deemed to be University, Thanjavur, India, and has made significant contributions to the fields of biochemical engineering, bioseparation, and protein purification, focusing on sustainability-driven innovations.
Vivek Rangarajan, PhD is an Assistant Professor in the Department of Chemical Engineering at the Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani KK Birla Goa Campus, Sancoale, India. He has authored more than 55 research and review articles in peer-reviewed journals and numerous book chapters. His extensive expertise spans the customization and fabrication of task-specific separation facilities, including high-pressure extractors, hybrid reactors, and pilot-scale chromatography columns.
Umile Gianfranco Spizzirri, PhD is an Assistant Professor in the Ionian Department of Law, Economics, and Environment, the University of Bari Aldo Moro, Taranto, Italy. He has published more than 130 articles in peer-reviewed international journals, 30 book chapters, 88 abstracts for national and international conferences, eight editorials, and eight edited volumes. His main research interests focus on the recovery and valorization of agro-industrial by-products for the development of functional foods, the validation of innovative analytical methods for detecting natural and xenobiotic contaminants in complex matrices, and the design and synthesis of macromolecular systems for applications in the food and environmental sector.
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Table of Contents
Preface
1. Introduction to Green Engineering: Principles, Approach, Applications, and Sustainability
Neela Gayathri Ganesan, Rami A. Abdel-Rahem, Vivek Rangarajan, Sivalingam Ramesh, Cédric Delattre and K. Senthilkumar
1.1 Definition of Green Engineering
1.2 Definition of Circular Economy
1.2.1 Linear vs. Circular Economies: Key Principles and Implications
1.2.2 Historical Development and Global Adoption of CE
1.3 Key Principles of the Circular Economy
1.3.1 Design Out Waste and Pollution
1.3.2 Keep Products and Materials in Use
1.3.3 Regenerate Natural Systems
1.4 Circular Economy as Critical Factor of Green Engineering
1.5 Circular Economy and Green Engineering Case Studies
1.6 Prospects and Challenges in Synergy between Circular Economy and Green Engineering
1.6.1 Prospects of the Synergy
1.6.2 Challenges in Synergy
1.7 Emerging Scope of Green Engineering and Circular Economy
1.7.1 Scope of Green Engineering in Biotechnology
1.7.2 Scope of Green Engineering in Industries
1.7.3 Scope of Green Engineering in AI and IoT
1.8 Explicit Socio-Economic Contributions of Green Engineering
1.8.1 Industrial Application
1.8.2 Urban Development
1.8.3 Product Design
1.8.4 Sustainability in Resource Management
1.9 Expected Impacts and Possible Outcomes of Implementing Green Engineering
1.10 Conclusion
References
2. Green Metrics
Gracia Saral Gladison, Ramya Muniasamy and Senthilkumar Rathnasamy
2.1 Introduction to Green Chemistry—Demand and Scope
2.2 Green Metrics—Pillars of Green Chemistry
2.2.1 Atom Economy and Reaction Mass Efficiency
2.2.1.1 The Atom Economy’s Significance
2.2.1.2 Atom Economy Examples
2.2.1.3 Significance of Reaction Mass Efficiency
2.2.1.4 Examples of RME
2.2.2 Process Mass Intensity and E-Factor
2.2.3 Eco-Scale and Waste Reduction Algorithm
2.2.3.1 Reduction of Waste Algorithm
2.2.4 Case Studies—Role of Green Metrics in Industrial Sustainability
2.3 Sustainable Development Goals—Foundations of Green Society
2.3.1 Prospects and Challenges of SDGs
2.3.1.1 Prospects of SDGs
2.3.1.2 Challenges of SDGs
2.3.2 Economic Aspects of SDGs
2.3.2.1 Challenges in Green Chemistry from an Economic Perspective
2.3.3 Societal Reforms Mandating SDGs
2.3.4 SDGs in Perspective—Lessons from Previous Executors
References
3. Green Solvents: Fundamentals and Applications
Sinchan Hait, Arshitha Mathew, Anushka Sharma, Akshita Jain and Upasana Mahanta
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Ionic Liquids (ILs)
3.2.1 Properties of Ionic Liquids
3.2.1.1 Low Melting Point
3.2.1.2 High Thermal Stability
3.2.1.3 Low Vapor Pressure
3.2.1.4 Non-Flammability
3.2.1.5 Solubility and Miscibility
3.2.1.6 Electrical Conductivity
3.2.1.7 Chemical Stability
3.2.2 Applications of Ionic Liquids
3.2.2.1 Electrochemical Applications
3.2.2.2 Gas Absorption
3.2.2.3 Drug Delivery
3.2.2.4 Catalysis
3.3 Deep Eutectic Solvents (DESs)
3.3.1 Types of Deep Eutectic Solvents
3.3.1.1 Type I: (Salt + Metal Compound)
3.3.1.2 Type II: (Salt + Metal Compound + Water)
3.3.1.3 Type III: (Salt + Organic Molecule)
3.3.1.4 Type IV: (Salt + Organic Molecule + Metal Compound)
3.3.1.5 Type V: (Organic Molecule + Organic Molecule)
3.3.2 Properties of Deep Eutectic Solvents
3.3.2.1 Melting Point
3.3.2.2 Density and Viscosity
3.3.2.3 Ionic Charge
3.3.2.4 Ionic Conductivity
3.3.3 Preparation of Deep Eutectic Solvents
3.3.4 Applications of Deep Eutectic Solvents
3.3.4.1 Deep Eutectic Solvents for CO2 Capture
3.3.4.2 CO2 Capture Mechanism
3.3.5 Green Credentials
3.4 Terpenes and Their DES Derivatives
3.4.1 Characteristics of Terpene-Based DESs
3.4.1.1 Viscosity
3.4.1.2 Density
3.4.1.3 Refractive Index
3.4.1.4 Surface Tension and Contact Angle
3.4.1.5 Thermal Property
3.4.2 Terpene-Based DESs’ Applications
3.5 Some Other Green Solvents
3.5.1 Non-Toxic Liquid Polymers
3.5.2 Supercritical Fluids
3.5.3 Common Industrial Applications
3.6 Conclusion
References
4. Intensification Strategies in Green Engineering
Hanisha R., Dhanashree T.D., Sangeetha Priya R.B., Subanu M. and Gopinath M.
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Process Intensification in Green Engineering
4.3 Importance of Green Engineering Benefits
4.3.1 Reduced Environmental Impact
4.3.2 Enhanced Process Efficiency
4.3.3 Economic and Societal Benefits
4.4 Examples of Process Intensification Techniques
4.4.1 Microreactors
4.4.2 Ultrasonic Processing
4.4.3 Microwave Heating
4.5 Frequently Employed Sustainable Extraction Techniques
4.5.1 Microwave-Assisted Extraction
4.5.1.1 Microwave-Assisted Extraction Principle
4.5.1.2 Applications of MAE
4.5.2 Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction
4.5.2.1 Mechanism of Ultrasonic Technology
4.5.2.2 Applications of Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction
4.5.3 Supercritical Fluid Extraction
4.5.3.1 Mechanism of Supercritical Fluid Extraction
4.5.3.2 Principle of Supercritical Fluid Extraction (SFE)
4.5.3.3 Application and Benefits of Supercritical Fluid Extraction
4.5.4 Plasma-Assisted Extraction
4.5.4.1 Principle of Plasma Technology
4.5.4.2 Mechanism of Plasma-Assisted Green Engineering Extraction (PAE)
4.5.4.3 Applications and Benefits of PAE
4.6 Comparative Analysis of Extraction Methods
4.6.1 Comparison of Extraction Mechanism
4.6.1.1 Microwave-Assisted Extraction
4.6.1.2 Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction
4.6.1.3 Supercritical Fluid Extraction
4.6.1.4 Plasma-Assisted Extraction
4.6.2 Yield Efficiency and Cost-Effectiveness of Extraction Methods
4.6.2.1 Microwave-Assisted Extraction (MAE)
4.6.2.2 Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction (UAE)
4.6.2.3 Supercritical Fluid Extraction (SFE)
4.6.2.4 Plasma-Assisted Extraction (PAE)
4.7 Integration of Multiple Extraction Techniques
4.7.1 Hybrid Extraction Methods
4.7.2 Synergistic Effects and Benefits
4.8 Challenges and Limitations
4.8.1 Technical Challenges
4.8.2 Economic and Regulatory Issues
4.9 Potential Solutions and Future Directions
4.9.1 Recent Innovations in Green Extraction Techniques
4.9.2 Case Studies and Real-World Applications
4.10 Conclusion
References
5. Green Nanoemulsions for Sustainable Applications
Ashwini Padole, Sreelakshmi K.P., Utpal Roy and Vivek Rangarajan
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Fundamentals of Nanoemulsions
5.2.1 Composition and Types
5.2.1.1 W/O Nanoemulsions
5.2.1.2 O/W Nanoemulsions
5.2.1.3 Bi-Continuous Nanoemulsions
5.2.1.4 Size and Stability
5.2.1.5 Optical Properties
5.3 Benefits, Drawbacks and Key Attributes of Nanoemulsions
5.4 Challenges and Limitations of Nanoemulsions
5.4.1 High Cost of Formulation
5.4.2 Environmental Sensitivity
5.4.3 Limited Research
5.4.4 Understanding of Interfacial Chemistry
5.5 Synthesis and Characterization of Nanoemulsions
5.5.1 Selection of Components
5.5.2 Formulation and Preparation Method of Nanoemulsions
5.5.2.1 High-Energy Emulsification Method
5.5.2.2 High-Pressure Homogenization (HPH)
5.5.2.3 Microfluidization
5.5.2.4 Sonication
5.5.2.5 Low-Energy Emulsification Method
5.5.2.6 Spontaneous Methods
5.5.2.7 Phase Inversion Method
5.6 Characterization of Nanoemulsion
5.6.1 Particle Size and Distribution
5.6.1.1 Size Distribution
5.6.1.2 Measurement Techniques
5.6.2 Zeta Potential
5.6.3 Viscosity and Rheology
5.6.4 Stability Studies
5.6.4.1 Accelerated Stability Testing
5.6.4.2 Thermal Stability
5.6.5 The Characteristics of Optics
5.6.6 Turbidimetry
5.6.7 Encapsulation Efficiency
5.6.7.1 Chromatographic Methods (HPLC and GC)
5.6.7.2 Spectroscopic Methods (Ultraviolet–Visible Spectroscopy (UV-Vis) and FTIR)
5.6.7.3 pH and Conductivity Measurements
5.6.8 In Vitro Permeation and Bioavailability Studies
5.6.8.1 In Vitro Release Studies
5.6.8.2 Cell Culture Studies
5.7 Nanoemulsion for Stable Green Cosmetics
5.8 Green Nanoemulsions
5.9 Principles of Green Nanoemulsions
5.9.1 Use of Renewable Resources
5.9.2 Safer Solvents
5.9.3 Energy Efficiency
5.9.4 Design for Degradation
5.10 Formulation of Green Nanoemulsions
5.10.1 Oils, Both Plant-Based and Natural
5.10.2 Bio-Based or Natural Surfactants
5.10.3 Eco-Friendly/Green Solvents
5.11 Applications
5.12 Case Studies on Green Nanoemulsions
5.12.1 Single Surfactant-Based Nanoemulsion System
5.12.2 Two/Three Biosurfactant Systems: Improved Stability Mechanisms
5.13 Conclusion and Future Perspectives
Bibliography
6. Cutting-Edge Eco-Conscious Technologies for Glycan Separation
M. Aniskumar, C. Santhaseelan, K. Keerthiga, G. Jeyashree and M. A. Sundaramahalingam
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Fundamentals of Glycan Separation
6.2.1 Types of Glycans
6.2.2 Glycan Structure
6.2.3 Glycan Separation Techniques
6.3 Principles of Green Technologies in Glycan Separation
6.4 Green Solvent and Solvent-Free Techniques
6.4.1 Green Solvent Techniques
6.4.1.1 Ionic Liquids
6.4.1.2 Deep Eutectic Solvents
6.4.2 Solvent-Free Extraction Method
6.4.3 Industrial Applications of Green Solvent Techniques
6.5 Membrane Technologies for Glycan Separation
6.5.1 Membrane Filtration and Ultrafiltration
6.5.2 Nanofiltration and Reverse Osmosis
6.5.3 Green Membrane Materials and Applications
6.6 Adsorption and Chromatographic Methods
6.6.1 Green Adsorbents
6.6.2 Green Stationary Phases
6.6.3 High-Performance Liquid Chromatography
6.6.4 Thin-Layer Chromatography
6.6.5 Capillary Electrophoresis
6.7 Biocatalytic and Enzymatic Approaches
6.7.1 Enzyme-Based Glycan Modification and Separation
6.7.2 Biocatalytic Processes for Eco-Conscious Glycan Purification
6.7.3 Advances and Applications in Biotechnology
6.8 Electrochemical and Electrophoretic Techniques
6.8.1 Electrochemical Glycan Separation Principles
6.8.2 Electrophoretic Methods for Green Glycan Analysis
6.8.3 Emerging Technologies and Future Directions
6.9 Integrated Green Technologies
6.9.1 Hybrid and Integrated Approaches to Glycan Separation
6.9.2 Synergistic Effects of Combined Green Techniques
6.10 Future Trends and Prospects
6.11 Conclusion
References
7. Sustainable Fermentation
Shobika S. and Vijayakumar L.
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Organic Acids
7.2.1 Lactic Acid (LA)
7.2.2 Citric Acid (CA)
7.2.3 Glucaric Acid (GA)
7.3 Enzymes
7.3.1 Amylases
7.3.2 Proteases
7.4 Secondary Metabolites
7.4.1 Penicillin
7.4.2 Griseofulvin
7.5 Pigments
7.5.1 Carotenoid
7.5.2 Anthocyanins
7.6 Fragrance Compounds
7.6.1 Vanillin
7.6.2 Limonene
7.7 Comparative Analysis and Sustainability
7.8 Conclusion
References
8. Green Electrolytes
Lavanya Priyadarshini Ramalingam, Senthilkumar Rathnasamy, Balasubramanian Ramalingam and Parkavi Kathirvelu
8.1 Introduction
8.1.1 Electrolyte and Its Types
8.1.2 The Evolution of Green Electrolytes
8.2 Physicochemical and Electrochemical Behavior of DESs
8.2.1 Ionic Conductivity
8.2.2 Ion Transport
8.2.3 Wide Electrochemical Window
8.2.4 Low Volatility and Non-Flammability
8.2.5 Thermal and Chemical Stability
8.2.6 Biodegradability and Biocompatability
8.2.7 Tunability
8.2.8 Viscosity
8.2.9 Density
8.3 Advantage of DES as Electrolytes
8.3.1 Computational Validation of DES Battery Electrolytes
8.3.2 Role of DES in Batteries and Supercapacitors
8.3.3 Key Electrical Properties of DES-Based Electrolytes
8.4 DES-Based Eutectogels in Energy Storage
8.5 Challenges and Future Prospects
8.6 Conclusion
References
9. Life Cycle Assessment—A Systemic Tool in Sustainability Management
Jayita Chopra
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Types of LCA
9.3 Application of LCA in Green Processes
9.4 Stages of LCA
9.5 Methodologies
9.6 Allocation
9.7 Uncertainty and Sensitivity Analysis
9.8 Case Study on LCA
9.9 Limitations and the Way Forward
9.10 Conclusion
References
10. Techno-Economic Analysis Perspective of Green Engineering
Harishbabu Balaraman, Karishma Chandrasekaran and Senthilkumar Rathnasamy
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Economic Aspects of Biorefinery
10.2.1 Economic Assessment of First-Generation Biorefinery
10.2.2 Economic Assessment of Second Generation Biorefinery
10.2.3 Economic Assessment of Third-Generation Biorefinery
10.2.4 Role of Green Solvents in Economic Perspective of Biorefinery
10.3 Economic Aspects of Bioactive Extraction
10.3.1 Economic Perspective in Microwave-Based Extraction
10.3.2 Economic Aspects of Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction
10.3.3 Economic Aspects of Supercritical Fluid Extraction
10.4 Conclusion
References
11. Conclusion and Future Trends in Sustainability
Dhandapani Ramesh, Gracia Saral Gladison and Senthilkumar Rathnasamy
References
Index
Back to Top
Preface
1. Introduction to Green Engineering: Principles, Approach, Applications, and Sustainability
Neela Gayathri Ganesan, Rami A. Abdel-Rahem, Vivek Rangarajan, Sivalingam Ramesh, Cédric Delattre and K. Senthilkumar
1.1 Definition of Green Engineering
1.2 Definition of Circular Economy
1.2.1 Linear vs. Circular Economies: Key Principles and Implications
1.2.2 Historical Development and Global Adoption of CE
1.3 Key Principles of the Circular Economy
1.3.1 Design Out Waste and Pollution
1.3.2 Keep Products and Materials in Use
1.3.3 Regenerate Natural Systems
1.4 Circular Economy as Critical Factor of Green Engineering
1.5 Circular Economy and Green Engineering Case Studies
1.6 Prospects and Challenges in Synergy between Circular Economy and Green Engineering
1.6.1 Prospects of the Synergy
1.6.2 Challenges in Synergy
1.7 Emerging Scope of Green Engineering and Circular Economy
1.7.1 Scope of Green Engineering in Biotechnology
1.7.2 Scope of Green Engineering in Industries
1.7.3 Scope of Green Engineering in AI and IoT
1.8 Explicit Socio-Economic Contributions of Green Engineering
1.8.1 Industrial Application
1.8.2 Urban Development
1.8.3 Product Design
1.8.4 Sustainability in Resource Management
1.9 Expected Impacts and Possible Outcomes of Implementing Green Engineering
1.10 Conclusion
References
2. Green Metrics
Gracia Saral Gladison, Ramya Muniasamy and Senthilkumar Rathnasamy
2.1 Introduction to Green Chemistry—Demand and Scope
2.2 Green Metrics—Pillars of Green Chemistry
2.2.1 Atom Economy and Reaction Mass Efficiency
2.2.1.1 The Atom Economy’s Significance
2.2.1.2 Atom Economy Examples
2.2.1.3 Significance of Reaction Mass Efficiency
2.2.1.4 Examples of RME
2.2.2 Process Mass Intensity and E-Factor
2.2.3 Eco-Scale and Waste Reduction Algorithm
2.2.3.1 Reduction of Waste Algorithm
2.2.4 Case Studies—Role of Green Metrics in Industrial Sustainability
2.3 Sustainable Development Goals—Foundations of Green Society
2.3.1 Prospects and Challenges of SDGs
2.3.1.1 Prospects of SDGs
2.3.1.2 Challenges of SDGs
2.3.2 Economic Aspects of SDGs
2.3.2.1 Challenges in Green Chemistry from an Economic Perspective
2.3.3 Societal Reforms Mandating SDGs
2.3.4 SDGs in Perspective—Lessons from Previous Executors
References
3. Green Solvents: Fundamentals and Applications
Sinchan Hait, Arshitha Mathew, Anushka Sharma, Akshita Jain and Upasana Mahanta
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Ionic Liquids (ILs)
3.2.1 Properties of Ionic Liquids
3.2.1.1 Low Melting Point
3.2.1.2 High Thermal Stability
3.2.1.3 Low Vapor Pressure
3.2.1.4 Non-Flammability
3.2.1.5 Solubility and Miscibility
3.2.1.6 Electrical Conductivity
3.2.1.7 Chemical Stability
3.2.2 Applications of Ionic Liquids
3.2.2.1 Electrochemical Applications
3.2.2.2 Gas Absorption
3.2.2.3 Drug Delivery
3.2.2.4 Catalysis
3.3 Deep Eutectic Solvents (DESs)
3.3.1 Types of Deep Eutectic Solvents
3.3.1.1 Type I: (Salt + Metal Compound)
3.3.1.2 Type II: (Salt + Metal Compound + Water)
3.3.1.3 Type III: (Salt + Organic Molecule)
3.3.1.4 Type IV: (Salt + Organic Molecule + Metal Compound)
3.3.1.5 Type V: (Organic Molecule + Organic Molecule)
3.3.2 Properties of Deep Eutectic Solvents
3.3.2.1 Melting Point
3.3.2.2 Density and Viscosity
3.3.2.3 Ionic Charge
3.3.2.4 Ionic Conductivity
3.3.3 Preparation of Deep Eutectic Solvents
3.3.4 Applications of Deep Eutectic Solvents
3.3.4.1 Deep Eutectic Solvents for CO2 Capture
3.3.4.2 CO2 Capture Mechanism
3.3.5 Green Credentials
3.4 Terpenes and Their DES Derivatives
3.4.1 Characteristics of Terpene-Based DESs
3.4.1.1 Viscosity
3.4.1.2 Density
3.4.1.3 Refractive Index
3.4.1.4 Surface Tension and Contact Angle
3.4.1.5 Thermal Property
3.4.2 Terpene-Based DESs’ Applications
3.5 Some Other Green Solvents
3.5.1 Non-Toxic Liquid Polymers
3.5.2 Supercritical Fluids
3.5.3 Common Industrial Applications
3.6 Conclusion
References
4. Intensification Strategies in Green Engineering
Hanisha R., Dhanashree T.D., Sangeetha Priya R.B., Subanu M. and Gopinath M.
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Process Intensification in Green Engineering
4.3 Importance of Green Engineering Benefits
4.3.1 Reduced Environmental Impact
4.3.2 Enhanced Process Efficiency
4.3.3 Economic and Societal Benefits
4.4 Examples of Process Intensification Techniques
4.4.1 Microreactors
4.4.2 Ultrasonic Processing
4.4.3 Microwave Heating
4.5 Frequently Employed Sustainable Extraction Techniques
4.5.1 Microwave-Assisted Extraction
4.5.1.1 Microwave-Assisted Extraction Principle
4.5.1.2 Applications of MAE
4.5.2 Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction
4.5.2.1 Mechanism of Ultrasonic Technology
4.5.2.2 Applications of Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction
4.5.3 Supercritical Fluid Extraction
4.5.3.1 Mechanism of Supercritical Fluid Extraction
4.5.3.2 Principle of Supercritical Fluid Extraction (SFE)
4.5.3.3 Application and Benefits of Supercritical Fluid Extraction
4.5.4 Plasma-Assisted Extraction
4.5.4.1 Principle of Plasma Technology
4.5.4.2 Mechanism of Plasma-Assisted Green Engineering Extraction (PAE)
4.5.4.3 Applications and Benefits of PAE
4.6 Comparative Analysis of Extraction Methods
4.6.1 Comparison of Extraction Mechanism
4.6.1.1 Microwave-Assisted Extraction
4.6.1.2 Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction
4.6.1.3 Supercritical Fluid Extraction
4.6.1.4 Plasma-Assisted Extraction
4.6.2 Yield Efficiency and Cost-Effectiveness of Extraction Methods
4.6.2.1 Microwave-Assisted Extraction (MAE)
4.6.2.2 Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction (UAE)
4.6.2.3 Supercritical Fluid Extraction (SFE)
4.6.2.4 Plasma-Assisted Extraction (PAE)
4.7 Integration of Multiple Extraction Techniques
4.7.1 Hybrid Extraction Methods
4.7.2 Synergistic Effects and Benefits
4.8 Challenges and Limitations
4.8.1 Technical Challenges
4.8.2 Economic and Regulatory Issues
4.9 Potential Solutions and Future Directions
4.9.1 Recent Innovations in Green Extraction Techniques
4.9.2 Case Studies and Real-World Applications
4.10 Conclusion
References
5. Green Nanoemulsions for Sustainable Applications
Ashwini Padole, Sreelakshmi K.P., Utpal Roy and Vivek Rangarajan
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Fundamentals of Nanoemulsions
5.2.1 Composition and Types
5.2.1.1 W/O Nanoemulsions
5.2.1.2 O/W Nanoemulsions
5.2.1.3 Bi-Continuous Nanoemulsions
5.2.1.4 Size and Stability
5.2.1.5 Optical Properties
5.3 Benefits, Drawbacks and Key Attributes of Nanoemulsions
5.4 Challenges and Limitations of Nanoemulsions
5.4.1 High Cost of Formulation
5.4.2 Environmental Sensitivity
5.4.3 Limited Research
5.4.4 Understanding of Interfacial Chemistry
5.5 Synthesis and Characterization of Nanoemulsions
5.5.1 Selection of Components
5.5.2 Formulation and Preparation Method of Nanoemulsions
5.5.2.1 High-Energy Emulsification Method
5.5.2.2 High-Pressure Homogenization (HPH)
5.5.2.3 Microfluidization
5.5.2.4 Sonication
5.5.2.5 Low-Energy Emulsification Method
5.5.2.6 Spontaneous Methods
5.5.2.7 Phase Inversion Method
5.6 Characterization of Nanoemulsion
5.6.1 Particle Size and Distribution
5.6.1.1 Size Distribution
5.6.1.2 Measurement Techniques
5.6.2 Zeta Potential
5.6.3 Viscosity and Rheology
5.6.4 Stability Studies
5.6.4.1 Accelerated Stability Testing
5.6.4.2 Thermal Stability
5.6.5 The Characteristics of Optics
5.6.6 Turbidimetry
5.6.7 Encapsulation Efficiency
5.6.7.1 Chromatographic Methods (HPLC and GC)
5.6.7.2 Spectroscopic Methods (Ultraviolet–Visible Spectroscopy (UV-Vis) and FTIR)
5.6.7.3 pH and Conductivity Measurements
5.6.8 In Vitro Permeation and Bioavailability Studies
5.6.8.1 In Vitro Release Studies
5.6.8.2 Cell Culture Studies
5.7 Nanoemulsion for Stable Green Cosmetics
5.8 Green Nanoemulsions
5.9 Principles of Green Nanoemulsions
5.9.1 Use of Renewable Resources
5.9.2 Safer Solvents
5.9.3 Energy Efficiency
5.9.4 Design for Degradation
5.10 Formulation of Green Nanoemulsions
5.10.1 Oils, Both Plant-Based and Natural
5.10.2 Bio-Based or Natural Surfactants
5.10.3 Eco-Friendly/Green Solvents
5.11 Applications
5.12 Case Studies on Green Nanoemulsions
5.12.1 Single Surfactant-Based Nanoemulsion System
5.12.2 Two/Three Biosurfactant Systems: Improved Stability Mechanisms
5.13 Conclusion and Future Perspectives
Bibliography
6. Cutting-Edge Eco-Conscious Technologies for Glycan Separation
M. Aniskumar, C. Santhaseelan, K. Keerthiga, G. Jeyashree and M. A. Sundaramahalingam
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Fundamentals of Glycan Separation
6.2.1 Types of Glycans
6.2.2 Glycan Structure
6.2.3 Glycan Separation Techniques
6.3 Principles of Green Technologies in Glycan Separation
6.4 Green Solvent and Solvent-Free Techniques
6.4.1 Green Solvent Techniques
6.4.1.1 Ionic Liquids
6.4.1.2 Deep Eutectic Solvents
6.4.2 Solvent-Free Extraction Method
6.4.3 Industrial Applications of Green Solvent Techniques
6.5 Membrane Technologies for Glycan Separation
6.5.1 Membrane Filtration and Ultrafiltration
6.5.2 Nanofiltration and Reverse Osmosis
6.5.3 Green Membrane Materials and Applications
6.6 Adsorption and Chromatographic Methods
6.6.1 Green Adsorbents
6.6.2 Green Stationary Phases
6.6.3 High-Performance Liquid Chromatography
6.6.4 Thin-Layer Chromatography
6.6.5 Capillary Electrophoresis
6.7 Biocatalytic and Enzymatic Approaches
6.7.1 Enzyme-Based Glycan Modification and Separation
6.7.2 Biocatalytic Processes for Eco-Conscious Glycan Purification
6.7.3 Advances and Applications in Biotechnology
6.8 Electrochemical and Electrophoretic Techniques
6.8.1 Electrochemical Glycan Separation Principles
6.8.2 Electrophoretic Methods for Green Glycan Analysis
6.8.3 Emerging Technologies and Future Directions
6.9 Integrated Green Technologies
6.9.1 Hybrid and Integrated Approaches to Glycan Separation
6.9.2 Synergistic Effects of Combined Green Techniques
6.10 Future Trends and Prospects
6.11 Conclusion
References
7. Sustainable Fermentation
Shobika S. and Vijayakumar L.
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Organic Acids
7.2.1 Lactic Acid (LA)
7.2.2 Citric Acid (CA)
7.2.3 Glucaric Acid (GA)
7.3 Enzymes
7.3.1 Amylases
7.3.2 Proteases
7.4 Secondary Metabolites
7.4.1 Penicillin
7.4.2 Griseofulvin
7.5 Pigments
7.5.1 Carotenoid
7.5.2 Anthocyanins
7.6 Fragrance Compounds
7.6.1 Vanillin
7.6.2 Limonene
7.7 Comparative Analysis and Sustainability
7.8 Conclusion
References
8. Green Electrolytes
Lavanya Priyadarshini Ramalingam, Senthilkumar Rathnasamy, Balasubramanian Ramalingam and Parkavi Kathirvelu
8.1 Introduction
8.1.1 Electrolyte and Its Types
8.1.2 The Evolution of Green Electrolytes
8.2 Physicochemical and Electrochemical Behavior of DESs
8.2.1 Ionic Conductivity
8.2.2 Ion Transport
8.2.3 Wide Electrochemical Window
8.2.4 Low Volatility and Non-Flammability
8.2.5 Thermal and Chemical Stability
8.2.6 Biodegradability and Biocompatability
8.2.7 Tunability
8.2.8 Viscosity
8.2.9 Density
8.3 Advantage of DES as Electrolytes
8.3.1 Computational Validation of DES Battery Electrolytes
8.3.2 Role of DES in Batteries and Supercapacitors
8.3.3 Key Electrical Properties of DES-Based Electrolytes
8.4 DES-Based Eutectogels in Energy Storage
8.5 Challenges and Future Prospects
8.6 Conclusion
References
9. Life Cycle Assessment—A Systemic Tool in Sustainability Management
Jayita Chopra
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Types of LCA
9.3 Application of LCA in Green Processes
9.4 Stages of LCA
9.5 Methodologies
9.6 Allocation
9.7 Uncertainty and Sensitivity Analysis
9.8 Case Study on LCA
9.9 Limitations and the Way Forward
9.10 Conclusion
References
10. Techno-Economic Analysis Perspective of Green Engineering
Harishbabu Balaraman, Karishma Chandrasekaran and Senthilkumar Rathnasamy
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Economic Aspects of Biorefinery
10.2.1 Economic Assessment of First-Generation Biorefinery
10.2.2 Economic Assessment of Second Generation Biorefinery
10.2.3 Economic Assessment of Third-Generation Biorefinery
10.2.4 Role of Green Solvents in Economic Perspective of Biorefinery
10.3 Economic Aspects of Bioactive Extraction
10.3.1 Economic Perspective in Microwave-Based Extraction
10.3.2 Economic Aspects of Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction
10.3.3 Economic Aspects of Supercritical Fluid Extraction
10.4 Conclusion
References
11. Conclusion and Future Trends in Sustainability
Dhandapani Ramesh, Gracia Saral Gladison and Senthilkumar Rathnasamy
References
Index
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