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Submit a ProposalHandbook of Energy Materials in Supercapacitors and Storage Devices
 | Edited by C. Sarathchandran, S.A. Ilangovan and Sabu Thomas Copyright: 2026 | Status: Published ISBN: 9781119901037 | Hardcover | 646 pages Price: $260 USD  |
One Line Description
Accelerate your understanding of modern energy storage with this one-stop
resource that provides a comprehensive guide to the basics, materials, and recent advancements in high-efficiency supercapacitor technology.
Audience
The book will be a valuable resource for researchers, engineers, and industry professionals involved in various fields, including electronics, automotive, renewable energy, and grid storage.
The book will be a valuable resource for researchers, engineers, and industry professionals involved in various fields, including electronics, automotive, renewable energy, and grid storage.
Description
The increasing population, environmental pollution, and growing demand for energy underscore the importance of highly efficient energy storage devices. Supercapacitors, often referred to as ultracapacitors, have emerged as a pivotal technology in the realm of energy storage. Increasing demand for supercapacitors arises from the high energy density required by various modern applications like electric vehicles, UPS systems, wind turbines, space vehicles, regenerative braking, load leveling systems, etc. The above-mentioned applications require an improvement in working voltage (by preventing/reducing reaction between electrode and electrolyte surface), specific capacitance, and energy density (by increasing the surface area, addition of transition metal oxides/conducting polymers, etc.) of the existing supercapacitors. Global research is directed towards blending the high energy density of batteries with the high-power density of traditional capacitors, thereby enabling the supercapacitors to be ideal for applications demanding rapid charge and discharge cycles, high power output, and long cycle life.
This book is designed to cover the basics of supercapacitors and provide a current account of the recent advances in this field. It provides the basics of various materials, different stages of growth in this field, and recent developments, making it a one-stop resource for understanding and advancing the field of supercapacitor technology.
Readers will find the volume;
• A detailed explanation of the electrochemical processes and energy storage mechanisms in supercapacitors, with a detailed introduction to supercapacitors.
• A comprehensive review of various electrode materials, including carbon-based materials, metal oxides, and conducting polymers.
• A detailed discussion on different electrolyte types (aqueous, organic, and ionic liquids) and their impact on supercapacitor performance.
• An exploration of the design considerations and manufacturing techniques for supercapacitors.
Back to Top
The increasing population, environmental pollution, and growing demand for energy underscore the importance of highly efficient energy storage devices. Supercapacitors, often referred to as ultracapacitors, have emerged as a pivotal technology in the realm of energy storage. Increasing demand for supercapacitors arises from the high energy density required by various modern applications like electric vehicles, UPS systems, wind turbines, space vehicles, regenerative braking, load leveling systems, etc. The above-mentioned applications require an improvement in working voltage (by preventing/reducing reaction between electrode and electrolyte surface), specific capacitance, and energy density (by increasing the surface area, addition of transition metal oxides/conducting polymers, etc.) of the existing supercapacitors. Global research is directed towards blending the high energy density of batteries with the high-power density of traditional capacitors, thereby enabling the supercapacitors to be ideal for applications demanding rapid charge and discharge cycles, high power output, and long cycle life.
This book is designed to cover the basics of supercapacitors and provide a current account of the recent advances in this field. It provides the basics of various materials, different stages of growth in this field, and recent developments, making it a one-stop resource for understanding and advancing the field of supercapacitor technology.
Readers will find the volume;
• A detailed explanation of the electrochemical processes and energy storage mechanisms in supercapacitors, with a detailed introduction to supercapacitors.
• A comprehensive review of various electrode materials, including carbon-based materials, metal oxides, and conducting polymers.
• A detailed discussion on different electrolyte types (aqueous, organic, and ionic liquids) and their impact on supercapacitor performance.
• An exploration of the design considerations and manufacturing techniques for supercapacitors.
Back to Top
Author / Editor Details
Sarathchandran C., PhD is an assistant professor in the Department of Science, Amrita School of Engineering, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India. His doctoral thesis centered around the development of epoxy resin poly- (trimethylene terephthalate) based blend systems for aerospace applications. His research interests include the development of supercapacitors, batteries, and aerogels for various applications.
Sarathchandran C., PhD is an assistant professor in the Department of Science, Amrita School of Engineering, Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India. His doctoral thesis centered around the development of epoxy resin poly- (trimethylene terephthalate) based blend systems for aerospace applications. His research interests include the development of supercapacitors, batteries, and aerogels for various applications.
S.A. Ilangovan, PhD is the Deputy Director at the Vikram Sarabhai Space Center, Trivandrum, Kerala, India, with more than 20 years of research experience in supercapacitors and batteries. He has published more than 20 research articles, ten patents, and one book.
Sabu Thomas, PhD is the former Vice-Chancellor at Mahatma Gandhi University, and currently at the International and Inter University Centre for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam, Kerala, India, as well as the Department of Physics and Electronics, CHRIST (Deemed to be University), Bengaluru, Karnataka, India. He has published more than 80 books, 750 research articles, and several patents.
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Table of Contents
Preface
1. Introduction to Supercapacitors
Shebin Stephen, S. A. Ilangovan, Sujatha S., Bibin John, Ajeesh K. S. and C. Sarathchandran
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Conclusion
1.3 Acknowledgement
References
2. Electric Double-Layer Capacitors
Phuoc Anh Le
2.1 Introduction to Electric Double-Layer Supercapacitors
2.2 General Principles and Related Theories
2.3 Designing of Electric Double-Layer-Based Supercapacitors
2.3.1 Current Collector
2.3.2 Electrodes
2.3.3 Electrolyte
2.3.4 Separator
2.4 Applications
2.4.1 Power Electronics Systems
2.4.2 Vehicles
2.4.3 Renewable Energy
2.5 Recent Developments
2.5.1 Carbon-Based Electrode for EDLCs
2.5.2 Other Carbon Materials
2.6 Conclusions
References
3. Electrochemical Supercapacitors Based on Pseudocapacitance
Renu Dhahiya, Dinesh, Mukul Gupta, Parasmani Rajput, Pankaj Sharma and Ashok Kumar
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Theory of Pseudocapacitance
3.3 Design and Fabrication of Pseudocapacitors
3.3.1 Transition Metal Oxides Intercalation
3.3.2 Nanostructuring to Achieve Pseudocapacitance
3.3.3 MXenes
3.3.4 Carbon-Based Material
3.4 Self-Discharge and Potential Recovery in Pseudocapacitors
3.4.1 Methods for Reducing Self-Discharge and Potential Recovery
3.4.2 Tuning the Separator
3.4.3 Modulating the Electrolyte
3.5 Recent Advances in Pseudocapacitors
3.5.1 Transition Metal Oxide-Based Pseudocapacitor
3.5.2 Transition Metal Dichalcogenides (TMDCs)-Based Pseudocapacitance
3.5.3 Metal-Organic Frameworks (MOFs)-Based Pseudocapacitance
3.5.4 MXenes-Based Pseudocapacitance
3.5.5 Material Design Strategies for Pseudocapacitance
3.6 Application
3.6.1 Automobiles and Transport
3.6.2 Defense and Military
3.6.3 Computers and Memory Backup Chips
3.6.4 Medical and Industry
3.7 Future Trends
Acknowledgments
References
4. Porous Carbon-Based Materials for Supercapacitor Applications
Deeksha Nagpal, Anup Singh, Ajay Vasishth, Subha Pratihar, Ashok Kumar and Shyam Sundar Pattnaik
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Mechanism of Charge Storage in Carbon-Based Materials
4.2.1 Charge Storage in Porous Carbon
4.3 Self-Discharge and Potential Decay in Carbon‑Based Materials
4.3.1 Distinctive Self-Discharge Methods
4.4 Carbon-Derived from Various Sources and their Performance Evaluations
4.4.1 Performance Evaluation of Carbon Derived Biomass Waste
4.4.2 Carbon Derived from Other Industrial Waste
4.4.3 Tire Waste
4.5 Recent Trends and Future Applications of Carbon-Based Material for Supercapacitors
4.5.1 Template Carbon Gel
4.5.2 Carbon-Based Materials and Its Composites
References
5. Porous Activated Carbon-Based Materials for Supercapacitor Applications
Surendra K. Martha, Sadananda Muduli and Tapan K. Pani
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Charge Storage Mechanism in Porous Carbon-Based Supercapacitors
5.3 Self-Discharge and Potential Decay in Carbon‑Based Materials
5.4 Carbon Derived from Various Sources and Their Performance Evaluation
5.5 Recent Trends and Future Applications
Acknowledgements
References
6. Biomass-Based Carbon Nanomaterials for Energy Storage
Debajani Tripathy, Bibhuti B. Sahu, Ankita Subhrasmita Gadtya and Srikanta Moharana
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Overview of Carbon-Based Nanostructured Materials
6.3 Synthesis of Carbon-Based Nanostructure Materials
6.4 Synthetic Approach for Biomass-Derived Carbon
6.4.1 Graphene
6.4.2 Carbon Nanotube
6.4.3 Carbon Onion
6.4.4 Carbon Sphere
6.5 Surface Alternation of Carbon Nanostructured Materials
6.6 Biomass-Derived Carbon for Energy Conversion and Storage Systems
6.6.1 Electrocatalysis Applications
6.6.2 Supercapacitor Application
6.6.3 Rechargeable Batteries
6.6.4 Solar Cell
6.6.5 Organic Solar Cells
6.7 Future Challenges
6.8 Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
7. Carbon Nanotube as Electrode Material for Supercapacitors
Sanjeev Verma, Tapas Das, Shivani Verma, Vikas Kumar Pandey, Saurabh Kumar Pandey, Juhi Singh and Bhawna Verma
7.1 Introduction
7.2 CNT (Carbon Nanotube)
7.3 Supercapacitor Electrodes Using Carbon Nanotube
7.4 Summary
References
8. Graphene-Based Polymeric Composites with Potential Applications in Supercapacitors
Ankita Subhrasmita Gadtya, Debajani Tripathy and Srikanta Moharana
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Overview of Graphene-Polymer Composites
8.2.1 Electrical Properties of Graphene-Based Polymer Composite
8.2.2 Thermal and Mechanical Properties of Graphene-Based Polymer Composites
8.3 Supercapacitors
8.3.1 Electro-Chemical Double Layer Capacitors (EDLCs)
8.3.2 Pseudo-Capacitors
8.3.3 Hybrid Capacitors
8.4 Graphene-Based Different Polymeric Composites
8.5 Graphene-Based Fluoropolymer Composites for SCs
8.6 Graphene-Based Conducting Polymer Composites for SCs
8.7 Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
9. Graphene-Based Materials for Supercapacitor Applications
Vikas Kumar Pandey and Bhawna Verma
Introduction
Conclusion and Outlook
References
10. Metal Oxides and Their Role in Pseudocapacitors
Rutuja A. Chavan and Anil V. Ghule
Summary
10.1 General Introduction
10.2 Role of Metal Oxides
10.3 Different Types of Metal Oxides Explored in Supercapacitors
10.4 Performance Evaluation
10.4.1 RuO2
10.4.2 MnO2
10.4.3 NiO
10.4.4 Co3O4
10.4.5 V2O5
10.4.6 IrO2
10.5 Future Scope
References
11. Advances in Design and Application of Nanostructured TMOs and Their Composites for High‑Performance Supercapacitors
Sheng Qiang Zheng, Siew Shee Lim, Maxine Swee-Li Yee, Chuan Yi Foo, Choon Yian Haw, Wee Siong Chiu, Chin Hua Chia and Poi Sim Khiew
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Electrochemical Role of Metal Oxides
11.3 Different Types of Metal Oxides as Electrode Materials
11.3.1 Metal Oxide-Based Nanomaterials for Supercapacitors
11.3.1.1 Metal Oxide Nanomaterials
11.3.1.2 Binary Metal Oxides
11.3.1.3 Ternary Metal Oxides
11.3.1.4 Carbonaceous Nanomaterials Decorated Metal Oxides
11.3.2 Metal-Organic Framework-Derived Porous Metal Oxide-Based Nanocomposites for Supercapacitor Applications
11.3.2.1 MOF-Derived Metal Oxides
11.3.2.2 MOF-Derived Carbon-Based Metal Oxide Nanocomposites
11.4 Performance Parameters of Electrochemical Capacitors
11.5 Conclusion and Future Perspectives
Acknowledgement
References
12. Ceramic Oxide Based Supercapacitors
Thangavelu Kokulnathan, Sabarison Pandiyarajan, Balasubramanian Sriram and Shobana Sebastin Mary Manickaraj
Introduction
Metal Oxide Ceramics
Vanadium Oxide
Manganese Oxide
Iron Oxide
Cobalt Oxide
Nickel Oxide
Aluminum Oxide
Spinel Oxide Ceramics
Multi-Elemental Oxide Ceramic
Past, Current, and Future Progress
References
13. Conductive Polymers and Composites for Supercapacitors: Recent Trends and Future Scope
Silki Sardana, A.S. Maan and Anil Ohlan
13.1 Introduction
13.2 CPs for Supercapacitors
13.3 CP-Based Composites for Supercapacitors
13.4 Recent Trends on CP-Based Supercapacitors
13.4.1 CP/2D Material-Based Composite
13.4.2 3D CP Hydrogels for Supercapacitors
13.5 CP-Based Flexible Supercapacitors
13.6 Future Scope of CP-Based Supercapacitors
13.7 Conclusions
References
14. Graphitic Carbon Nitride (g-C3N4)-Based Materials for Supercapacitor Applications
Himadri Tanaya Das, Swapnamoy Dutta, Elango Balaji T., Payaswini Das and Nigamananda Das
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Different Carbon Materials as Electrodes in Supercapacitors
14.3 g-C3N4 as Electrode Material in Supercapacitor
14.4 g-C3N4 Composites and Their Use as Supercapacitors
14.5 Future Prospects
14.6 Conclusion
References
15. Introduction to MXenes for Supercapacitor Applications
Selcan Karakuş and Razium Ali Soomro
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Strategies for the Synthesis of 2D MXenes
15.3 MXene-Based Supercapacitors
15.4 Concluding Remarks and Future Perspectives
References
16. MXenes for Supercapacitor Applications
Mayank K. Singh, Sarathkumar Krishnan and Dhirendra K. Rai
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Synthesis Technique
16.2.1 Top-Down Approach
16.2.1.1 HF Etching
16.2.1.2 Hydroflouride Salt Etching
16.2.1.3 Alkali Etching
16.2.1.4 Electrochemical Etching
16.3 Bottom-Up Techniques
16.4 Properties of MXenes
16.4.1 Electrical Properties
16.4.2 Mechanical Properties
16.4.3 Chemical Stability
16.5 MXenes and Its Composites
16.5.1 Basic Principle and Mechanism
16.5.2 Bare MXenes as Supercapacitors
16.5.3 MXenes – Carbonaceous Composite as Supercapacitors
16.5.4 MXenes with Polymers
16.5.5 MXenes and Transitions Metal Sulfides
16.5.6 MXenes-Metal Oxides-Based Supercapacitors
16.6 MXenes in Various Electrolytes
16.6.1 Basics and Neutral Electrolyte
16.6.2 Acidic Electrolyte
16.7 Challenges and Future Perspectives
Acknowledgment
References
17. Hybrid Supercapacitors: Recent Trends and Future Scope
Basudeba Maharana, Rajan Jha and Shyamal Chatterjee
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Types of Hybrid Supercapacitors
17.3 Components of Hybrid Supercapacitors
17.3.1 Electrode Materials
17.3.2 Electrolytes
17.3.3 Separator
17.3.4 Current Collector
17.3.5 Sealants
17.4 Recent Trends in HSCs
17.4.1 Composite Hybrids
17.4.2 Asymmetric Hybrids
17.4.3 Battery Supercapacitor Hybrids
17.4.4 Modern Trends
17.4.5 Supercapattery
17.5 Future Scopes and Challenges
17.5.1 Designing Electrode Materials
17.5.2 Resistance Issues in the Device
17.6 Conclusions
References
18. Electrolytes and Their Role in Supercapacitor Technology
Dipanwita Majumdar, Padma Sharma and Niki Sweta Jha
18.1 Introduction
18.1.1 Effect of the Electrolyte on Supercapacitor Performance
18.1.2 What is an Ideal Electrolyte?
18.1.3 Performance Controlling Parameters of the Electrolytes for Designing Flexible Supercapacitors
18.2 Classes of Electrolytes for Supercapacitors
18.2.1 Liquid Electrolytes
18.2.1.1 Aqueous Electrolytes
18.2.1.2 Nonaqueous Electrolytes
18.2.2 Solid and Quasi-Solid–Type Electrolytes
18.2.3 Redox-Active Electrolytes
18.3 Conclusions and Outlooks
Acknowledgments
References
19. Designing Supercapacitors and Supercapacitor Materials by Counting Ions
Shrisudersan Jayaraman
19.1 Introduction
19.2 Theoretical Framework
19.2.1 The Importance of Electrolyte Conductivity at Charged State
19.2.2 The Importance of Volumetric Specific Capacitance
19.2.3 Relationship Between the Device Capacitance and Volumetric Specific Capacitance of the Electrode
19.2.4 Electrolyte Utilization Factor
19.2.5 Critical Operating Conditions
19.2.6 Electrolyte Concentration at the Charged State
19.2.7 Electrolyte Conductivity at the Charged State
19.2.8 Counter-Ion Adsorption with Desolvated Ions in the Pores
19.2.9 Ion Exchange as the Primary Charging Mechanism with Desolvated Ions in the Pores
19.2.10 Connecting Theory and Practical Device Performance
19.2.11 Jelly Roll Characteristics and Electrolyte Saturation Volume
19.2.12 Excess Electrolyte Volume
19.3 Experimental Results and Discussion
19.3.1 Constant Current Discharge
19.3.2 Constant Power Discharging
19.4 Conclusions and Summary
19.5 Appendix: Experimental Details
19.5.1 Electrolyte
19.5.2 Supercapacitor Devices
19.5.3 Electrochemical Testing
Acknowledgement
References
20. Global Market, Applications, and Leading Suppliers for Supercapacitors: An Introduction
Shebin Stephen George and C. Sarathchandran
20.1 Introduction to the Global Market of Supercapacitors
20.2 Applications of Supercapacitors
20.2.1 Recycling of Supercapacitors
20.3 Safety Issues Associated with Supercapacitors
20.4 Conclusion
References
21. Applications of Supercapacitor
Raunak Pandey, Santhosh G., Sarvajith Malali Sudhakara, Nannan Wang and Santosh K. Tiwari
21.1 Introduction
21.2 Energy-Harvesting Sources
21.2.1 Vibration or Mechanical Energy Harvesting
21.2.2 Ocean Wave Energy
21.2.3 Radiofrequency
21.2.4 Solar Energy
21.2.5 Wind Energy
21.3 Applications of Supercapacitors
21.3.1 Electronics
21.3.2 Energy Buffers
21.3.3 Microgrids
21.3.4 Consumer Electronics
21.3.5 Mechanical Tools
21.3.6 Flashlights
21.3.7 Internet of Things
21.3.8 Wearable Electronics
21.3.9 Static Memories
21.4 Transport
21.4.1 Electrical and Hybrid Vehicles
21.4.2 Energy Recovery and Management in EVs
21.4.3 Regenerative Braking
21.5 Medical
21.6 Industrial
21.7 Military
21.8 Conclusion
Bibliography
Index
Back to Top
Preface
1. Introduction to Supercapacitors
Shebin Stephen, S. A. Ilangovan, Sujatha S., Bibin John, Ajeesh K. S. and C. Sarathchandran
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Conclusion
1.3 Acknowledgement
References
2. Electric Double-Layer Capacitors
Phuoc Anh Le
2.1 Introduction to Electric Double-Layer Supercapacitors
2.2 General Principles and Related Theories
2.3 Designing of Electric Double-Layer-Based Supercapacitors
2.3.1 Current Collector
2.3.2 Electrodes
2.3.3 Electrolyte
2.3.4 Separator
2.4 Applications
2.4.1 Power Electronics Systems
2.4.2 Vehicles
2.4.3 Renewable Energy
2.5 Recent Developments
2.5.1 Carbon-Based Electrode for EDLCs
2.5.2 Other Carbon Materials
2.6 Conclusions
References
3. Electrochemical Supercapacitors Based on Pseudocapacitance
Renu Dhahiya, Dinesh, Mukul Gupta, Parasmani Rajput, Pankaj Sharma and Ashok Kumar
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Theory of Pseudocapacitance
3.3 Design and Fabrication of Pseudocapacitors
3.3.1 Transition Metal Oxides Intercalation
3.3.2 Nanostructuring to Achieve Pseudocapacitance
3.3.3 MXenes
3.3.4 Carbon-Based Material
3.4 Self-Discharge and Potential Recovery in Pseudocapacitors
3.4.1 Methods for Reducing Self-Discharge and Potential Recovery
3.4.2 Tuning the Separator
3.4.3 Modulating the Electrolyte
3.5 Recent Advances in Pseudocapacitors
3.5.1 Transition Metal Oxide-Based Pseudocapacitor
3.5.2 Transition Metal Dichalcogenides (TMDCs)-Based Pseudocapacitance
3.5.3 Metal-Organic Frameworks (MOFs)-Based Pseudocapacitance
3.5.4 MXenes-Based Pseudocapacitance
3.5.5 Material Design Strategies for Pseudocapacitance
3.6 Application
3.6.1 Automobiles and Transport
3.6.2 Defense and Military
3.6.3 Computers and Memory Backup Chips
3.6.4 Medical and Industry
3.7 Future Trends
Acknowledgments
References
4. Porous Carbon-Based Materials for Supercapacitor Applications
Deeksha Nagpal, Anup Singh, Ajay Vasishth, Subha Pratihar, Ashok Kumar and Shyam Sundar Pattnaik
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Mechanism of Charge Storage in Carbon-Based Materials
4.2.1 Charge Storage in Porous Carbon
4.3 Self-Discharge and Potential Decay in Carbon‑Based Materials
4.3.1 Distinctive Self-Discharge Methods
4.4 Carbon-Derived from Various Sources and their Performance Evaluations
4.4.1 Performance Evaluation of Carbon Derived Biomass Waste
4.4.2 Carbon Derived from Other Industrial Waste
4.4.3 Tire Waste
4.5 Recent Trends and Future Applications of Carbon-Based Material for Supercapacitors
4.5.1 Template Carbon Gel
4.5.2 Carbon-Based Materials and Its Composites
References
5. Porous Activated Carbon-Based Materials for Supercapacitor Applications
Surendra K. Martha, Sadananda Muduli and Tapan K. Pani
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Charge Storage Mechanism in Porous Carbon-Based Supercapacitors
5.3 Self-Discharge and Potential Decay in Carbon‑Based Materials
5.4 Carbon Derived from Various Sources and Their Performance Evaluation
5.5 Recent Trends and Future Applications
Acknowledgements
References
6. Biomass-Based Carbon Nanomaterials for Energy Storage
Debajani Tripathy, Bibhuti B. Sahu, Ankita Subhrasmita Gadtya and Srikanta Moharana
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Overview of Carbon-Based Nanostructured Materials
6.3 Synthesis of Carbon-Based Nanostructure Materials
6.4 Synthetic Approach for Biomass-Derived Carbon
6.4.1 Graphene
6.4.2 Carbon Nanotube
6.4.3 Carbon Onion
6.4.4 Carbon Sphere
6.5 Surface Alternation of Carbon Nanostructured Materials
6.6 Biomass-Derived Carbon for Energy Conversion and Storage Systems
6.6.1 Electrocatalysis Applications
6.6.2 Supercapacitor Application
6.6.3 Rechargeable Batteries
6.6.4 Solar Cell
6.6.5 Organic Solar Cells
6.7 Future Challenges
6.8 Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
7. Carbon Nanotube as Electrode Material for Supercapacitors
Sanjeev Verma, Tapas Das, Shivani Verma, Vikas Kumar Pandey, Saurabh Kumar Pandey, Juhi Singh and Bhawna Verma
7.1 Introduction
7.2 CNT (Carbon Nanotube)
7.3 Supercapacitor Electrodes Using Carbon Nanotube
7.4 Summary
References
8. Graphene-Based Polymeric Composites with Potential Applications in Supercapacitors
Ankita Subhrasmita Gadtya, Debajani Tripathy and Srikanta Moharana
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Overview of Graphene-Polymer Composites
8.2.1 Electrical Properties of Graphene-Based Polymer Composite
8.2.2 Thermal and Mechanical Properties of Graphene-Based Polymer Composites
8.3 Supercapacitors
8.3.1 Electro-Chemical Double Layer Capacitors (EDLCs)
8.3.2 Pseudo-Capacitors
8.3.3 Hybrid Capacitors
8.4 Graphene-Based Different Polymeric Composites
8.5 Graphene-Based Fluoropolymer Composites for SCs
8.6 Graphene-Based Conducting Polymer Composites for SCs
8.7 Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
9. Graphene-Based Materials for Supercapacitor Applications
Vikas Kumar Pandey and Bhawna Verma
Introduction
Conclusion and Outlook
References
10. Metal Oxides and Their Role in Pseudocapacitors
Rutuja A. Chavan and Anil V. Ghule
Summary
10.1 General Introduction
10.2 Role of Metal Oxides
10.3 Different Types of Metal Oxides Explored in Supercapacitors
10.4 Performance Evaluation
10.4.1 RuO2
10.4.2 MnO2
10.4.3 NiO
10.4.4 Co3O4
10.4.5 V2O5
10.4.6 IrO2
10.5 Future Scope
References
11. Advances in Design and Application of Nanostructured TMOs and Their Composites for High‑Performance Supercapacitors
Sheng Qiang Zheng, Siew Shee Lim, Maxine Swee-Li Yee, Chuan Yi Foo, Choon Yian Haw, Wee Siong Chiu, Chin Hua Chia and Poi Sim Khiew
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Electrochemical Role of Metal Oxides
11.3 Different Types of Metal Oxides as Electrode Materials
11.3.1 Metal Oxide-Based Nanomaterials for Supercapacitors
11.3.1.1 Metal Oxide Nanomaterials
11.3.1.2 Binary Metal Oxides
11.3.1.3 Ternary Metal Oxides
11.3.1.4 Carbonaceous Nanomaterials Decorated Metal Oxides
11.3.2 Metal-Organic Framework-Derived Porous Metal Oxide-Based Nanocomposites for Supercapacitor Applications
11.3.2.1 MOF-Derived Metal Oxides
11.3.2.2 MOF-Derived Carbon-Based Metal Oxide Nanocomposites
11.4 Performance Parameters of Electrochemical Capacitors
11.5 Conclusion and Future Perspectives
Acknowledgement
References
12. Ceramic Oxide Based Supercapacitors
Thangavelu Kokulnathan, Sabarison Pandiyarajan, Balasubramanian Sriram and Shobana Sebastin Mary Manickaraj
Introduction
Metal Oxide Ceramics
Vanadium Oxide
Manganese Oxide
Iron Oxide
Cobalt Oxide
Nickel Oxide
Aluminum Oxide
Spinel Oxide Ceramics
Multi-Elemental Oxide Ceramic
Past, Current, and Future Progress
References
13. Conductive Polymers and Composites for Supercapacitors: Recent Trends and Future Scope
Silki Sardana, A.S. Maan and Anil Ohlan
13.1 Introduction
13.2 CPs for Supercapacitors
13.3 CP-Based Composites for Supercapacitors
13.4 Recent Trends on CP-Based Supercapacitors
13.4.1 CP/2D Material-Based Composite
13.4.2 3D CP Hydrogels for Supercapacitors
13.5 CP-Based Flexible Supercapacitors
13.6 Future Scope of CP-Based Supercapacitors
13.7 Conclusions
References
14. Graphitic Carbon Nitride (g-C3N4)-Based Materials for Supercapacitor Applications
Himadri Tanaya Das, Swapnamoy Dutta, Elango Balaji T., Payaswini Das and Nigamananda Das
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Different Carbon Materials as Electrodes in Supercapacitors
14.3 g-C3N4 as Electrode Material in Supercapacitor
14.4 g-C3N4 Composites and Their Use as Supercapacitors
14.5 Future Prospects
14.6 Conclusion
References
15. Introduction to MXenes for Supercapacitor Applications
Selcan Karakuş and Razium Ali Soomro
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Strategies for the Synthesis of 2D MXenes
15.3 MXene-Based Supercapacitors
15.4 Concluding Remarks and Future Perspectives
References
16. MXenes for Supercapacitor Applications
Mayank K. Singh, Sarathkumar Krishnan and Dhirendra K. Rai
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Synthesis Technique
16.2.1 Top-Down Approach
16.2.1.1 HF Etching
16.2.1.2 Hydroflouride Salt Etching
16.2.1.3 Alkali Etching
16.2.1.4 Electrochemical Etching
16.3 Bottom-Up Techniques
16.4 Properties of MXenes
16.4.1 Electrical Properties
16.4.2 Mechanical Properties
16.4.3 Chemical Stability
16.5 MXenes and Its Composites
16.5.1 Basic Principle and Mechanism
16.5.2 Bare MXenes as Supercapacitors
16.5.3 MXenes – Carbonaceous Composite as Supercapacitors
16.5.4 MXenes with Polymers
16.5.5 MXenes and Transitions Metal Sulfides
16.5.6 MXenes-Metal Oxides-Based Supercapacitors
16.6 MXenes in Various Electrolytes
16.6.1 Basics and Neutral Electrolyte
16.6.2 Acidic Electrolyte
16.7 Challenges and Future Perspectives
Acknowledgment
References
17. Hybrid Supercapacitors: Recent Trends and Future Scope
Basudeba Maharana, Rajan Jha and Shyamal Chatterjee
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Types of Hybrid Supercapacitors
17.3 Components of Hybrid Supercapacitors
17.3.1 Electrode Materials
17.3.2 Electrolytes
17.3.3 Separator
17.3.4 Current Collector
17.3.5 Sealants
17.4 Recent Trends in HSCs
17.4.1 Composite Hybrids
17.4.2 Asymmetric Hybrids
17.4.3 Battery Supercapacitor Hybrids
17.4.4 Modern Trends
17.4.5 Supercapattery
17.5 Future Scopes and Challenges
17.5.1 Designing Electrode Materials
17.5.2 Resistance Issues in the Device
17.6 Conclusions
References
18. Electrolytes and Their Role in Supercapacitor Technology
Dipanwita Majumdar, Padma Sharma and Niki Sweta Jha
18.1 Introduction
18.1.1 Effect of the Electrolyte on Supercapacitor Performance
18.1.2 What is an Ideal Electrolyte?
18.1.3 Performance Controlling Parameters of the Electrolytes for Designing Flexible Supercapacitors
18.2 Classes of Electrolytes for Supercapacitors
18.2.1 Liquid Electrolytes
18.2.1.1 Aqueous Electrolytes
18.2.1.2 Nonaqueous Electrolytes
18.2.2 Solid and Quasi-Solid–Type Electrolytes
18.2.3 Redox-Active Electrolytes
18.3 Conclusions and Outlooks
Acknowledgments
References
19. Designing Supercapacitors and Supercapacitor Materials by Counting Ions
Shrisudersan Jayaraman
19.1 Introduction
19.2 Theoretical Framework
19.2.1 The Importance of Electrolyte Conductivity at Charged State
19.2.2 The Importance of Volumetric Specific Capacitance
19.2.3 Relationship Between the Device Capacitance and Volumetric Specific Capacitance of the Electrode
19.2.4 Electrolyte Utilization Factor
19.2.5 Critical Operating Conditions
19.2.6 Electrolyte Concentration at the Charged State
19.2.7 Electrolyte Conductivity at the Charged State
19.2.8 Counter-Ion Adsorption with Desolvated Ions in the Pores
19.2.9 Ion Exchange as the Primary Charging Mechanism with Desolvated Ions in the Pores
19.2.10 Connecting Theory and Practical Device Performance
19.2.11 Jelly Roll Characteristics and Electrolyte Saturation Volume
19.2.12 Excess Electrolyte Volume
19.3 Experimental Results and Discussion
19.3.1 Constant Current Discharge
19.3.2 Constant Power Discharging
19.4 Conclusions and Summary
19.5 Appendix: Experimental Details
19.5.1 Electrolyte
19.5.2 Supercapacitor Devices
19.5.3 Electrochemical Testing
Acknowledgement
References
20. Global Market, Applications, and Leading Suppliers for Supercapacitors: An Introduction
Shebin Stephen George and C. Sarathchandran
20.1 Introduction to the Global Market of Supercapacitors
20.2 Applications of Supercapacitors
20.2.1 Recycling of Supercapacitors
20.3 Safety Issues Associated with Supercapacitors
20.4 Conclusion
References
21. Applications of Supercapacitor
Raunak Pandey, Santhosh G., Sarvajith Malali Sudhakara, Nannan Wang and Santosh K. Tiwari
21.1 Introduction
21.2 Energy-Harvesting Sources
21.2.1 Vibration or Mechanical Energy Harvesting
21.2.2 Ocean Wave Energy
21.2.3 Radiofrequency
21.2.4 Solar Energy
21.2.5 Wind Energy
21.3 Applications of Supercapacitors
21.3.1 Electronics
21.3.2 Energy Buffers
21.3.3 Microgrids
21.3.4 Consumer Electronics
21.3.5 Mechanical Tools
21.3.6 Flashlights
21.3.7 Internet of Things
21.3.8 Wearable Electronics
21.3.9 Static Memories
21.4 Transport
21.4.1 Electrical and Hybrid Vehicles
21.4.2 Energy Recovery and Management in EVs
21.4.3 Regenerative Braking
21.5 Medical
21.6 Industrial
21.7 Military
21.8 Conclusion
Bibliography
Index
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