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Quantum Optics Devices on a Chip

Edited by Inamuddin, Tariq Altalhi, Naif Ahmed Alshehri, & Jorddy Neves Cruz
Copyright: 2025   |   Expected Pub Date:2025//
ISBN: 9781394248575  |  Hardcover  |  
404 pages
Price: $225 USD
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One Line Description
Quantum Optics Devices on a Chip provides a comprehensive understanding of how the integration of advanced quantum technologies and photonics is revolutionizing multiple industries, making it essential for anyone interested in the future of quantum innovation.

Audience
Graduate students, researchers, scientists, and looking to deepen their understanding of the future prospects of quantum optics devices on a chip

Description
Quantum Optics Devices on a Chip is situated at the intersection of several disciplines and industries, driving advancements in quantum technology and integrated photonics. The development of quantum optics devices on a chip represents a significant breakthrough. Chip-scale integration involves designing and fabricating optical devices, such as waveguides, modulators, detectors, and light sources, on a micro- or nanoscale chip. This miniaturization enables the integration of multiple components on a single chip, leading to compact, efficient, and scalable quantum optical systems. Quantum sensing applications, such as magnetometry, gyroscopy, and biosensing, can benefit from miniaturized, high-performance devices integrated on a chip, allowing for the seamless integration of quantum optical functionalities with existing photonic circuits. This integration holds promise for applications in telecommunications, data communication, and optical signal processing.
Overall, the development of quantum optics devices on a chip represents a significant step forward in the advancement of quantum technology. It brings together principles from physics, materials science, engineering, and computer science to enable the practical implementation of quantum phenomena for a wide range of applications across industries. Quantum Optics Devices on a Chip serves as a comprehensive guide to this rapidly evolving field, providing insights and knowledge, exploring the contributions it has made to the disciplinary and industrial development of quantum optics devices on a chip.

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Author / Editor Details
Inamuddin, PhD, is an assistant professor at the Department of Applied Chemistry, Zakir Husain College of Engineering and Technology, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India. He has extensive research experience in multidisciplinary fields of analytical chemistry, materials chemistry, electrochemistry, renewable energy, and environmental science. He has worked on different research projects funded by various government agencies and universities and is the recipient of awards, including the Department of Science and Technology, India, Fast-Track Young Scientist Award and Young Researcher of the Year Award 2020 from Aligarh Muslim University. He has published about 210 research articles in various international scientific journals, many book chapters, and dozens of edited books, many with Wiley-Scrivener.

Tariq Altalhi, PhD, is an associate professor in the Department of Chemistry at Taif University, Saudi Arabia. He received his doctorate degree from University of Adelaide, Australia in the year 2014 with Dean's Commendation for Doctoral Thesis Excellence. He has worked as head of the Chemistry Department at Taif university and Vice Dean of Science College. In 2015, one of his works was nominated for Green Tech awards from Germany, Europe’s largest environmental and business prize, amongst top 10 entries. He has also co-edited a number of scientific books.

Naif Ahmed Alshehri, PhD is an assistant professor of Nanotechnology at the Department of Physics, Faculty of Sciences at Al-Baha University. He is currently the vice-dean of postgraduate studies, research, innovation ‎and quality. Prior to this position, he was the head of the Physics Department. His research interests include fabrication, characterization, ‎and applications of nanomaterials and thin films.

Jorddy Neves Cruz is a researcher at the Federal University of Pará and the Emilio Goeldi Museum. He has experience in multidisciplinary research in the areas of medicinal chemistry, drug design, extraction of bioactive compounds, extraction of essential oils, food chemistry and biological testing. He has published several research articles in scientific journals and is an associate editor of the Journal of Medicine.

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Table of Contents
Preface
1. Quantum-Limited Microwave Amplifiers
Dnyandeo Pawar, Bhaskara Rao, Ajay Kumar, Rajesh Kanawade and Arul Kashmir Arulraj
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Why Microwave Amplifiers?
1.3 Quantum-Limited Amplifiers
1.4 Types of Microwave-Based Amplifiers
1.4.1 Conventional Electronic Amplifiers or High-Electron Mobility Transistor (HEMT) Amplifiers
1.4.2 Superconducting-Based Amplifiers
1.4.2.1 Josephson Junction
1.4.2.2 Concept of Parametric Amplifier
1.4.3 Microwave Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation (MASER)
1.5 Discussion on Quantum-Limited Microwave Amplifiers
1.6 Conclusion and Outlook
References
2. Introduction to Quantum Optics
Jamie Vovrosh
2.1 How Is Quantum Optics Defined?
2.2 A Very Brief History of Quantum Optics
2.3 Modern-Day Quantum Optics
References
3. Carbon Nanotubes with Quantum Defects
Drisya G. Chandran, Loganathan Muruganandam and Rima Biswas
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Various Types of Defects in Carbon Nanotube
3.2.1 Capped Carbon Nanotube (Hemispherical Caps)
3.2.2 Intramolecular Nano-Junction (Bent Carbon Nanotube)
3.2.3 Irradiated Carbon Nanotube
3.2.4 Layered Carbon Nanotube
3.2.5 Coalescence of Carbon Nanotubes
3.2.6 Welding Carbon Nanotubes
3.2.7 Doping Carbon Nanotubes
3.2.8 sp3 Quantum Defect (Organic Color-Center)
3.3 Conclusions
References
4. Quantum Dots to Medical Devices
Mohammad Harun-Ur-Rashid, Israt Jahan and Abu Bin Imran
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Synthesis and Characterization of QDs
4.2.1 Chemical Synthesis Methods
4.2.1.1 Colloidal Synthesis
4.2.1.2 Organometallic Synthesis
4.2.1.3 Sol–Gel Method
4.2.1.4 Microwave-Assisted Synthesis
4.2.2 Physical Properties and Characterization Techniques
4.2.2.1 Size and Shape
4.2.2.2 Optical Properties
4.2.2.3 Surface Chemistry
4.2.2.4 Electrical Properties
4.2.2.5 Toxicity and Biocompatibility
4.2.3 Surface Modification for Biocompatibility
4.2.3.1 Need for Surface Modification
4.2.3.2 Organic Coating Strategies
4.2.3.3 Inorganic Coating Techniques
4.2.3.4 Ligand Exchange Processes
4.2.3.5 Biocompatibility Testing
4.3 Quantum Dots in Biomedical Imaging
4.3.1 Fluorescent Properties and Their Use in Imaging
4.3.1.1 Unique Fluorescent Properties
4.3.1.2 Advantages in Imaging
4.3.1.3 Techniques Employing Quantum Dot Fluorescence
4.3.1.4 Biocompatibility and Targeting
4.3.1.5 Clinical and Research Applications
4.3.2 In Vivo vs. In Vitro Imaging Applications
4.3.2.1 In Vitro Imaging Applications
4.3.2.2 In Vivo Imaging Applications
4.3.2.3 Comparative Considerations
4.3.3 Advantages Over Traditional Imaging Agents
4.3.3.1 Enhanced Fluorescent Properties
4.3.3.2 Improved Targeting and Specificity
4.3.3.3 Versatility and Broad Application Range
4.3.3.4 Long-Term Tracking Capabilities
4.4 QDs in Drug Delivery Systems
4.4.1 Mechanism of Drug Delivery
4.4.1.1 Targeting and Cellular Uptake
4.4.1.2 Drug Release
4.4.1.3 Endosomal Escape
4.4.1.4 Real-Time Tracking
4.4.2 Current Advancements in QD-Mediated Therapies
4.4.2.1 Targeted Drug Delivery
4.4.2.2 Photodynamic and Photothermal Therapies
4.4.2.3 Gene Therapy
4.4.2.4 Immunotherapy
4.4.2.5 Overcoming Multidrug Resistance (MDR)
4.5 QDs in Diagnostic Applications
4.5.1 Bioimaging
4.5.2 Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET)
4.5.3 Diagnostic Assays
4.6 Ethical, Safety, and Regulatory Considerations
4.6.1 Ethical Considerations
4.6.2 Safety Concerns
4.6.3 Regulatory Considerations
4.6.4 Environmental Impact
4.6.5 Future Directions
4.7 Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
5. The Quantum State of Light
Kamal Singh, Virender, Gurjaspreet Singh, Armando J.L. Pombeiro and Brij Mohan
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Quantum States of Light
5.2.1 Quantization of Optical Field
5.3 Quantum Superposition
5.4 Quantum Entanglement
5.5 Coherent Light
5.6 Photonic Integration
5.7 Photon Combs
5.8 Photonic-Chip-Based Frequency Combs
5.9 Double Photon Combs
5.10 Applications
5.10.1 Quantum Key Distribution (QKD)
5.11 Quantum Computing
5.12 Quantum Metrology
5.13 Quantum Imaging
5.14 Challenge
5.15 Conclusion and Outlooks
Acknowledgments
References
6. Quantum Computing with Chip-Scale Devices
P. Mallika, P. Ashok, N. Sathishkumar, Harishchander Anandaram, N.A. Natraj and Sarala Patchala
6.1 Quantum Computing: An Introduction to the Field
6.1.1 Overview of Quantum Computing
6.1.2 Historical Development
6.1.3 Topography of Quantum Technology
6.1.4 Quantum Chip Scale Devices
6.2 Fundamentals of Chip-Scale Quantum Devices
6.2.1 Benefits of Chip-Scale Devices in the Field of Quantum Communication
6.2.2 Principles of Quantum Superposition
6.2.3 Quantum Entanglement in Chip-Scale Systems
6.2.4 Quantum Bits (Qubits) and Chip Integration
6.3 Chip-Scale Quantum Architectures
6.3.1 Quantum Gates on a Chip
6.3.2 Quantum Circuits
6.3.3 Key Aspects Pertaining to Quantum Circuits
6.3.4 Challenges and Advances in Chip-Scale Architectures
6.4 Applications of Chip-Scale Quantum Computing
6.4.1 Materials Science and Drug Discovery
6.4.2 Financial Modeling and Risk Analysis
6.4.3 Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning
6.4.4 Cryptography and Cybersecurity
6.4.5 Logistics and Optimization
6.5 Chip-Scale Quantum Computing: Challenges and Future Directions
6.5.1 Challenges and Opportunities
6.5.2 Future Opportunities of Quantum Computing Chip-Scale Devices
6.6 Conclusion
References
7. Quantum-Enhanced THz Spectroscopy: Bridging the Gap with On-Chip Devices
Driss Soubane and Tsuneyuki Ozaki
7.1 Introduction
7.2 T-Radiations Generation and Detection
7.2.1 Photo-Conductive Antenna
7.2.2 Semiconducting Materials Built-In Field
7.2.3 The Photo-Dember Effect
7.2.4 Optical Rectification for THz Generation
7.2.5 Electro-Optical Sampling
7.2.6 Wide Band Generation and Sensing
7.2.7 Quasi-Phase-Matching
7.2.8 Quantum Cascade Laser THz Source
7.3 Terahertz Spectroscopy and Imaging
7.3.1 Terahertz Time-Domain Spectroscopy
7.3.1.1 Principle
7.3.2 Time-Resolved THz Spectroscopy
7.3.3 THz Imaging
7.3.3.1 T‐Ray Imaging
7.3.3.2 Reflection Imaging with T‐Rays
7.3.3.3 THz Near‐Field Imaging
7.4 Recent Developments in THz Technology
7.4.1 THz Spectroscopy
7.4.2 THz-TDS
7.4.3 Medical Applications
7.4.4 THz Near-Field Imaging
7.5 Future Outlooks in THz Technology
7.6 Conclusion
Acknowledgment
References
8. Plasmonics and Microfluidics for Developing Chip-Based Sensors
Akila Chithravel, Tulika Srivastava, Subhojyoti Sinha, Sandeep Munjal, Satish Lakkakul, Shailendra K. Saxena and Anand M. Shrivastav
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Microfluidics for Sensor Technologies
8.3 Plasmonic-Based Sensors
8.3.1 Surface Plasmon Resonance for Chip-Based Sensing
8.3.1.1 Prism-Based SPR Sensor
8.3.1.2 Fiber Optic-Based SPR Sensor Chip
8.3.1.3 Grating Coupled- SPR for Chip-Based Sensing
8.3.1.4 Waveguide-Based SPR Sensing
8.3.2 Localized Surface Plasmon Resonance (LSPR)-Based Sensor Chips
8.3.3 Surface Enhanced Raman Scattering for Chip-Based Sensor
8.4 Challenges and Future Scope
8.5 Summary
References
9. Silicon Photonics in Quantum Computing
M. Rizwan, A. Ayub, M.A. Waris, A. Manzoor, S. Ilyas and F. Waqas
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Overview of Quantum Computing
9.2.1 Quantum Physics and Qu-Bits
9.2.2 Quantum Gates
9.3 Significance of Photonics in Quantum Computing
9.3.1 Quantum-Light-Sources
9.3.2 Tunable Quantum-Photonic-Components
9.3.3 Single-Photon-Detectors (SPDs)
9.3.4 Chip Wrapping and System Amalgamation
9.4 Fundamentals of Silicon Photonics
9.4.1 Quantum Computing Technologies
9.4.2 Scalable Methods for Silicon Photonic Chips
9.5 Single-Photon Sources
9.6 Quantum Photon Detection
9.7 Mode-Division Multiplexing (MDM) and Wavelength-Division Multiplexing (WDM)
9.8 Cryogenic Practices
9.9 Chip Interconnects
9.10 Chip-Based Quantum Communication
9.11 QKD in Silicon Photonics
9.11.1 Entanglement-Based QKD
9.11.1.1 Entanglement-Based Protocols
9.11.1.2 Working on Entanglement-Based QKD
9.11.2 Superposition-Based QKD
9.11.3 CV-QKD (Continuous-Variable QKD)
9.11.4 Coherent State QKD
9.11.5 Multiplexing Quantum Key Distribution (QKD)
9.11.6 Types of Multiplexing QKD
9.11.6.1 FDM (Frequency-Division Multiplexing)
9.11.6.2 TDM (Time-Division Multiplexing)
9.11.6.3 PDM (Polarization-Division Multiplexing)
9.11.6.4 OAMM (Orbital Angular Momentum Multiplexing)
9.12 Application of Silicone Photonics in Quantum Computing
9.13 Multiphoton and High-Dimensional Applications
9.14 Quantum Error Correction
9.15 Quantum State Teleportation
9.16 Challenges and Outcomes
9.17 Low Loss Component
9.18 Photon Generation
9.19 Deterministic Quantum Operation
9.20 Frequency Conversion
9.21 Conclusion
References
10. Rare-Earth Ions in Solid-State Devices
M. Rizwan, K. Zaman, S. Ahmad, A. Ayub and M. Tanveer
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Basic Aspects of Rare Earth Ions in Solids
10.3 Role of Rare Earth Ions in Quantum Optics
10.4 Rare Earth Ion-Based Devices
10.4.1 Quantum Computer
10.5 Quantum Photonic Materials and Devices with Rare-Earth Elements
10.6 Recent Advancements in Low-Dimensional Rare-Earth Doped Material
10.7 Rare Earth Ions Insulator
10.8 Spectral Hole Burning (SHB) and Spectral Recording and Processing
10.8.1 Optical Communication and Processing
10.9 Spectroscopy and the Description of Materials
10.9.1 Overcoming Blazing Spectral Holes
10.10 Utilizing a SHB “Dynamic Optical Filter” for Laser Line Narrowing
10.11 Example of Ultrasonic-Optical Tissue Imaging
10.11.1 Elements of Ultrasound Optical Tissue (USO) Imaging System
10.12 Applications of Solid-State Optical Devices
Conclusion
References
11. Chip-Scale Quantum Memories
Uzma Hira and Muhammad Husnain
11.1 Introduction
11.1.1 Quantum Memories (QMs)
11.1.2 Journey from Classical RAM to Quantum RAM
11.1.3 Classical Memories (CMs) and Quantum Memories (QMs)
11.2 Scalable Quantum Memories (QMs)
11.2.1 Some Fruitful Properties of QMs on Chip
11.2.2 Performance Criteria
11.2.2.1 Fidelity
11.2.2.2 Efficiency
11.2.2.3 Storage Time
11.2.2.4 Bandwidth
11.2.2.5 Multimodality
11.2.2.6 Wavelength
11.2.2.7 Robustness and Scalability
11.3 Challenges in the Development of Scalable QMs
11.4 Experimental and Theoretical Approaches Towards QMs
11.5 Platforms for Chip-Scale QMs
11.5.1 Atomic Gases
11.5.2 Single Atom
11.5.3 Solid-State Candidate in the Progress of QMs on Chip
11.5.3.1 Trapped Ions in Solids
11.5.3.2 Material Stability and Coherence Time
11.5.3.3 Quantum Error Correction
11.5.3.4 Integration with Quantum Repeaters
11.5.3.5 Compatibility with Quantum Communication Protocols
11.6 Rare-Earth Ions Doped in Solids
11.7 Nitrogen Vacancy (NV)
11.8 Quantum Dots in the Development of QMs
11.9 III-V Groups Materials-Based Platform
11.10 Role Graphene in QM
11.11 Hybrid Quantum Memories
11.12 Chip-Based QMs in the Improvements of Quantum Key Distribution (QKD)
11.12.1 Enhancing QKD Performance
11.13 Role of Optics and Photonics in the Field of Chip-Scale QMs
11.14 Recent Development in QMs
References
12. Integrated Light Sources
Uzma Hira and Muhammad Nayab Ahmad
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Types of Integrated Light Sources
12.2.1 Semiconductor Diode Lasers and LEDs
12.2.2 White GaN LEDs
12.2.3 Quantum Dots and Nanowire Emitters
12.2.4 Path-Entangled Photon Sources on Nonlinear Chips
12.2.5 Silicon Photonics Light Sources
12.2.6 Heterogeneously Integrated III-V/Si Lasers
12.2.7 Single Photon Sources in Integrated Photonics
12.2.8 Tunable and Narrowband Light Sources
12.2.9 Micro-Cavity and Photonic Crystal Resonator Sources
12.2.10 Micro-Fabricated Solid-State Dye Laser
12.2.11 Rare-Earth Doped Waveguides for Integrated Light Generation
12.3 Integrated Light Sources for Quantum Information Processing
12.3.1 Photonic Quantum Chips
12.3.2 Photons as Good Quantum Hardware
12.3.3 Photonic Technologies
12.3.4 Protocols for Quantum Communication
12.4 Integration Techniques for Light Sources on Chips
12.4.1 Heterogeneous Integration
12.4.1.1 Components in Integration
12.4.1.2 Applications
12.4.2 Monolithic Integration
12.4.2.1 Components in Integration
12.4.2.2 Applications
12.4.3 On-Chip Waveguides
12.4.3.1 Applications
12.4.4 Hybrid Integration
12.4.4.1 Applications
12.4.5 Epitaxial Growth
12.4.5.1 Methods of Epitaxial Growth
12.4.5.2 Applications
12.4.6 Nanowire or Quantum Dot Integration
12.4.6.1 Applications
12.5 Challenges and Future Perspectives
12.5.1 Challenges
12.5.2 Future Perspectives
12.6 Conclusion
References
13. Integrated Optical Design Principles
Sharbari Deb and Santanu Mallik
Abbreviations
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Brief History of Optical Design Evolution
13.3 Role of Integrated Optical Design in Modern Technology
13.4 Fundamentals of Integrated Optics
13.4.1 Basic Concepts in Optical Physics Relevant to Integration
13.4.2 Waveguides: Types, Properties, and How They Guide Light
13.4.2.1 Types of Waveguides
13.4.2.2 Characteristics of Waveguides
13.4.2.3 Light Guidance Principles
13.5 Design Principles of Integrated Optical Devices
13.5.1 Beam Propagation Method for Integrated Optical Design
13.5.2 Couplers, Splitters, and Combiners: Design and Function
13.5.2.1 Optical Coupler
13.5.2.2 Optical Splitter
13.5.2.3 Optical Combiner
13.5.3 Integrated Lasers and Amplifiers: Principles and Applications
13.5.4 Modulators and Switches
13.5.4.1 Optical Modulators
13.5.4.2 Optical Switches: Mechanisms and Applications
13.6 Advanced Integrated Optical Systems
13.6.1 Photonic Crystals
13.6.2 Quantum Optics and Integration
13.6.3 Nonlinear Optical Devices
13.6.4 Integration of Optical Sensors
13.7 Fabrication Techniques for Integrated Optical Devices
13.7.1 Lithography and Etching
13.7.2 Wafer Bonding and Dielectric Deposition
13.7.3 Challenges in Fabrication
13.8 Testing and Characterization of Integrated Optical Systems
13.8.1 Measurement Techniques
13.8.2 Characterization of Waveguides, Resonators, and Active Devices
13.8.3 Reliability and Performance Testing
13.9 Conclusion
References
Index

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