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Submit a ProposalSolar Capacitors and Batteries
 | Edited by Nurdan Demirci Sankir and Mehmet Sankir
Series: Advances in Solar Cell Materials and Storage Copyright: 2025 | Expected Pub Date:2025/08/30 ISBN: 9781394233762 | Hardcover | 444 pages |
One Line Description
Dive into the future of clean energy with this essential guide, offering a
comprehensive look at the innovative power of batteries and supercapacitors
for the efficient storage and utilization of solar power.
Audience
Chemists, physicists, engineers, students, educators, and policymakers working with solar-assisted capacitors and batteries.
Chemists, physicists, engineers, students, educators, and policymakers working with solar-assisted capacitors and batteries.
Description
The storage of solar energy is as important as its harvesting. So far, solar energy has been primarily stored using electrochemistry-based batteries. Generally, batteries that can be charged with solar energy serve domestic and portable systems, especially in devices with low energy use. In addition to classic devices, innovative devices have been developed in recent years that provide both the conversion and storage of solar energy. In the last few years, supercapacitors have gained significant recognition due to their low cost, safe operation, fast charge-discharge cycles, high power density, and cyclic stability. This book comprehensively covers both batteries that can be charged with solar energy and photo-supercapacitors. Through expert insights and real-world case studies, this book offers an in-depth look at these innovative technologies and how they are shaping a more sustainable future.
Readers will find this volume:
• Introduces different systems that enable the conversion and storage of solar energy;
• Covers the systems for designing photovoltaic cells, storage units such as batteries and capacitors, and the structures and operating principles of integrated devices with conversion and storage functions;
• Explains device structures, working principles, and performance tests, and the highly efficient and innovative materials used in these systems;
• Explores cutting-edge technologies for the future of solar energy conversion and storage systems.
Back to Top
The storage of solar energy is as important as its harvesting. So far, solar energy has been primarily stored using electrochemistry-based batteries. Generally, batteries that can be charged with solar energy serve domestic and portable systems, especially in devices with low energy use. In addition to classic devices, innovative devices have been developed in recent years that provide both the conversion and storage of solar energy. In the last few years, supercapacitors have gained significant recognition due to their low cost, safe operation, fast charge-discharge cycles, high power density, and cyclic stability. This book comprehensively covers both batteries that can be charged with solar energy and photo-supercapacitors. Through expert insights and real-world case studies, this book offers an in-depth look at these innovative technologies and how they are shaping a more sustainable future.
Readers will find this volume:
• Introduces different systems that enable the conversion and storage of solar energy;
• Covers the systems for designing photovoltaic cells, storage units such as batteries and capacitors, and the structures and operating principles of integrated devices with conversion and storage functions;
• Explains device structures, working principles, and performance tests, and the highly efficient and innovative materials used in these systems;
• Explores cutting-edge technologies for the future of solar energy conversion and storage systems.
Back to Top
Author / Editor Details
Nurdan Demirci Sankir, PhD is a professor in the Materials Science and Nanotechnology Engineering Department at the TOBB University of Economics and Technology, Ankara, Turkey. She has edited eight books and is actively involved in research and consulting activities. Her expertise focuses on photovoltaic devices, solution-based thin-film manufacturing, solar-driven water splitting, photocatalytic degradation, and nanostructured semiconductors.
Nurdan Demirci Sankir, PhD is a professor in the Materials Science and Nanotechnology Engineering Department at the TOBB University of Economics and Technology, Ankara, Turkey. She has edited eight books and is actively involved in research and consulting activities. Her expertise focuses on photovoltaic devices, solution-based thin-film manufacturing, solar-driven water splitting, photocatalytic degradation, and nanostructured semiconductors.
Mehmet Sankir, PhD is a professor in the Department of Materials Science and Nanotechnology Engineering at TOBB University of Economics and Technology and group leader of the Advanced Membrane Technologies Laboratory, Ankara, Turkey. He is actively involved in research and consulting activities and has edited eight books. His research focuses on membranes for fuel cells, flow batteries, hydrogen generation, and desalination.
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Table of Contents
Preface
Part 1: Solar Rechargeable Capacitors and Photo-Supercapacitors
1. Photosupercapacitor
Mohamad Mohsen Momeni and Hossein Mohammadzadeh Aydisheh
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Photosupercapacitors
1.3 Designs and Principles of Photosupercapacitor
1.3.1 Three-Electrode Systems
1.3.2 Two-Electrode Systems (Photosupercapacitor Devices)
1.3.2.1 Tandem Photosupercapacitors (Type I)
1.3.2.2 Components of the Tandem Photosupercapacitors
1.3.2.3 Type II: Photoelectrode and Supercapacitor Integrated Into One Single
References
2. Solar Rechargeable Capacitors and Photosupercapacitors
Nirmal Roy, Nandlal Pingua and Rupam Sinha
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Applications of Photorechargeable Capacitors and Photosupercapacitors
2.3 Working Principles
2.3.1 Photovoltaic Cells
2.3.2 Supercapacitors
2.3.3 Integrated Photosupercapacitor
2.4 Techniques for Performance Analysis
2.5 Future Prospect and Conclusions
References
3. Role of Photoactive Materials in Photo-Supercapacitors
Esakkimuthu Shanmugasundaram, Suganya Bharathi Balakrishnan, Amos Ravi and Stalin Thambusamy
Abbreviations
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Working Principle of Photo-Supercapacitors
3.3 Basic Components of Photo-Supercapacitors
3.3.1 Photoanode Materials in Solar Cells
3.3.2 Electrolytes in Solar Cells
3.3.3 Counter and Collector Materials in SCs
3.3.3.1 Metal Oxide-Based Electrodes
3.3.3.2 Polymer-Based Electrodes
3.3.4 Photoactive Materials in Solar Cell
3.3.4.1 Dyes as a Photoactive Material
3.3.4.2 Polymers as a Photoactive Material
3.3.4.3 Perovskite Materials as a Photoactive Material
3.3.4.4 Quantum Dot Materials as a Photoactive Material
3.4 Conclusions
References
Part 2: Solar Rechargeable Batteries and Hybrid Devices
4. Photo-Rechargeable All-Solid-State Batteries Based on Photoelectrochemistry and Solid-State Ionics
Kenta Watanabe and Masaaki Hirayama
4.1 Introduction: Problems of Research on Photo-Rechargeable Batteries
4.2 General Principles of Photoelectrochemical Reactions Using Semiconductor Electrodes
4.2.1 Under Dark Conditions
4.2.2 Under Light Irradiation
4.2.3 Photoelectrochemical Reactions without External Voltages
4.3 ASSBs Using Ionic Conductors as Solid Electrolytes
4.3.1 Bulk Type
4.3.2 Thin-Film Type
4.4 Photo-Rechargeable ASSBs
References
5. Novel Hybrid Perovskites and Inorganic Semiconductors for Photorechargeable Li-Ion Battery Photoelectrodes
Shubham Chamola, Rashid M. Ansari and Shahab Ahmad
5.1 Introduction
5.1.1 Photorechargeable Battery
5.2 MHPs and TMOs as Active Materials for PRBs
5.2.1 Metal Halide Perovskites for PRBs
5.2.1.1 2D Perovskite of Type (C6H9C2H4NH3)2PbI4 and Double Perovskite of Type Cs2Bi2I9 Nanosheets for Li-PRBs
5.2.1.2 Quasi 2D RP Perovskite and MoS2-Based Hybrid Heterojunction for Li-PRBs
5.2.2 Inorganic Photoactive Materials for Li-PRBs
5.2.2.1 Fe2O3-Based Li-PRBs
5.2.2.2 Sb2S3-Based Li-PRBs
5.3 Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
6. 2D Materials for Solar-Assisted Hybrid Energy Storage Devices: Photo-Supercapacitors
Yasar Ozkan Yesilbag, Fatma Nur Tuzluca Yesilbag, Ahmad Huseyin, Ahmed Jalal Salih Salih and Mehmet Ertugrul
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Fundamental Components of PSCs
6.2.1 Solar Cells
6.2.2 Supercapacitors
6.2.3 Photo-Supercapacitors
6.2.4 Efficiency and Factors Affecting Performance
6.2.5 Two-Electrode PSCs
6.2.6 Three-Electrode PSCs
6.2.7 Classification of Planar/Uniaxial PSCs
6.2.7.1 Planar/Uniaxial PSCs Based on DSSC
6.2.7.2 Flexible Single-Layer Photo-Supercapacitors Based on Quantum Dot Solar
6.2.7.3 Flexible Perovskite-Based Solar Cell Photo-Supercapacitor
6.2.8 2D Materials for Photo-Supercapacitors
References
Part 3: Solar-Asisted Integrated Systems
7. Unlocking the Potential of Sustainable Energy: Exploring the Role of Supercapacitors in Enhancing Energy Storage Efficiency of Photovoltaic Systems
R.H.M.D. Premasiri, P.L.A.K. Piyumal, A.L.A.K. Ranaweera and S.R.D. Kalingamudali
7.1 Introduction
7.1.1 Overview of Sustainable Energy Systems
7.1.1.1 Importance of Transitioning to Sustainable Energy
7.1.1.2 Current Trends and Global Initiatives
7.1.2 The Role of PV Systems in Sustainable Energy
7.1.2.1 Basics of PV Technology
7.1.2.2 The Potential of PV Systems to Meet Future Energy Demands
7.1.3 Challenges in PV Systems
7.1.3.1 Fluctuating Irradiance
7.1.3.2 Available Storage Solutions
7.2 Fundamentals of SCs
7.2.1 Overview of SC Technology
7.2.1.1 Structure and Working Principles of SCs
7.2.1.2 Classification and Materials Used in SC Construction
7.2.2 Comparison with Traditional Capacitors and Batteries
7.2.2.1 Differences in Energy and Power Density
7.2.2.2 Lifecycle and Durability Comparisons with Batteries
7.2.3 Advantages of SCs
7.2.3.1 High-Power Density and Rapid Charging
7.2.3.2 Longevity and Low Maintenance Requirements
7.2.3.3 Environmental Benefits Compared to Chemical Batteries
7.3 Integration of SCs in PV Systems
7.3.1 Addressing Instability in PV Systems
7.3.1.1 How SCs Mitigate the Effects of Fluctuating Irradiance
7.3.1.2 Role in Stabilizing Voltage and Improving Power Quality
7.3.2 Role of SCs in Energy Storage
7.3.2.1 Short-Term Vs. Long-Term Energy Storage Needs in PV Systems
7.3.2.2 How SCs Complement Traditional Batteries
7.3.3 Enhancing System Reliability and Efficiency
7.3.3.1 Case Studies of Reliability Improvements with SC Integration
7.3.3.2 Quantitative Benefits in Terms of System Efficiency and Uptime
7.4 Advanced Techniques in SC–PV Integration
7.4.1 SCALOM Technique
7.4.1.1 Advantages of SCALOM in PV Systems
7.4.2 SCALDO Technique
7.4.3 Design Considerations for Parallel Integration
7.4.4 Efficiency Improvements through Energy Harvesting and Waste Reduction
7.5 Applications Beyond PV Systems
7.5.1 SCs in EVs
7.5.1.1 Role in Regenerative Braking Systems
7.5.1.2 Enhancing Energy Efficiency and Reducing Reliance on Batteries
7.5.1.3 Present Innovations with SCs for EVs
7.5.1.4 Future Trends in EV SC Technology
7.5.2 SCs in Uninterruptible Power Supply (UPS) Systems
7.5.2.1 Importance of Power Density and Rapid Discharge Capabilities
7.5.2.2 Use Cases in Critical Power Applications
7.5.3 SCs in Internet of Things (IoT) Devices
7.5.3.1 Power Management for Smart Sensors and Wearable Devices
7.5.3.2 Advantages of Fast Charging and Long Cycle Life in IoT Applications
7.5.3.3 Integration Challenges and Potential Solutions
7.6 Challenges and Limitations
7.6.1 Technical Challenges in SC Integration
7.6.1.1 Issues Related to Scalability and Cost
7.6.1.2 Integration Challenges with Existing PV Infrastructure
7.6.2 Economic Considerations
7.6.2.1 Cost–Benefit Analysis of SC Integration
7.6.2.2 Potential for Cost Reduction through Technological Advancements
7.6.3 Environmental Impact and Sustainability Concerns
7.6.3.1 Lifecycle Analysis of SCs
7.6.3.2 Disposal and Recycling Challenges
7.6.3.3 Environmental Benefits Compared to Alternative Storage Solutions
7.7 Future Prospects and Technological Advancements
7.7.1 Innovations in SC Technology
7.7.1.1 Emerging Materials and Fabrication Techniques
7.7.1.2 Advances in Energy Density and Charge–Discharge Efficiency
7.7.2 Potential Developments in PV Systems and Energy Storage
7.7.2.1 Integration with Other Renewable Energy Sources
7.7.2.2 Future Trends in Distributed Energy Storage
7.7.3 The Role of SCs in Future Energy Systems
7.7.3.1 Potential for SCs in Grid-Level Energy Storage
7.7.3.2 Contribution to Smart Grids and Microgrids
7.8 Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
8. A Combination of Energy Conversion and Storage: A Solar-Driven Supercapacitor
Mohammed Arkham Belgami and Chandra Sekhar Rout
8.1 Introduction
8.2 What are Photosupercapacitors
8.2.1 Major Components of PSCs
8.2.1.1 Solar Cell
8.2.1.2 Supercapacitor
8.3 Different Integration Methods of PSCs
8.3.1 PSCs Involving DSSC-Based Charging Unit
8.3.2 PSCs Involving OPV-Based Charging Unit
8.3.3 PSCs Involving Perovskites-Based Charging Unit
8.4 Efficiency of PSCs
8.5 Challenges and Future Perspectives
References
9. Exploring the Potential of a Battery-Assisted Solar Cooking System
Mohammed Hmich, Bilal Zoukarh, Sara Chadli, Rachid Malek, Olivier Deblecker, Khalil Kassmi and Najib Bachiri
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Innovative Cooker Structure
9.2.1 Specifications
9.2.2 System Schematic
9.3 Cooker Design and Operation
9.3.1 Solar Cooker Test with Battery Storage
9.3.1.1 Weather Station
9.3.1.2 Measurement Bench
9.3.2 Measurement Results and Discussion
9.3.2.1 Battery Charging by Photovoltaic Panels
9.3.2.2 Solar Vacuum Cooker
9.3.2.3 Water Heating
9.4 Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
Part 4: Photoelectrochemical Batteries and Perovskite-Based Photo Supercapacitors
10. Solar Flow Batteries
Tuluhan Olcayto Colak, Emine Karagoz, Ecenaz Yaman, Mehmet Kurt, Cigdem Tuc Altaf, Nurdan Demirci Sankir and Mehmet Sankir
10.1 Introduction
10.1.1 Solar Flow Battery Concept
10.1.2 Energy Conversion Equations
10.2 Photocathodes for SRFBs
10.3 Configuration
10.3.1 Single Photoelectrode with RFB Systems
10.3.2 Dual Photoelectrode Systems with RFB
10.3.3 Metallic Lithium Anode-Based SRFB Systems
10.4 Counter Electrodes
10.4.1 Semiconductors as Counter Electrodes
10.4.2 Carbon-Based Counter Electrodes
10.5 Electrolyte
10.5.1 Inorganic–Inorganic
10.5.2 Organic–Inorganic
10.5.3 Organic–Organic
10.6 Membrane Separators
10.7 Electrochemical Characterization of an SFB
10.7.1 Performance Evaluation
10.7.2 State of Charge
10.7.3 CV Measurements
10.7.4 Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy
10.7.5 Mott–Schottky Methods
10.8 Conclusion
References
11. Perovskite-Based Photo-Supercapacitors as Self-Charging and Energy Storage Devices
Muhamad Yudatama Perdana, Abdurrahman Imam, Mohammed Ashraf Gondal, Ahmar Ali and Mohamed Jaffer Sadiq Mohamed
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Perovskite Materials
11.2.1 Classification of MHPs
11.2.1.1 By Composition
11.2.1.2 By Dimensionality
11.2.1.3 By Crystal Symmetry
11.2.1.4 By Stability
11.2.2 Perovskite Properties as a Light Absorber
11.2.2.1 High Absorption Coefficients
11.2.2.2 Bandgap Tunability
11.2.2.3 High Charge Carrier Mobility
11.2.2.4 Long Carrier Diffusion Lengths (Ldiff)
11.3 Perovskite Materials for Photo-Supercapacitor
11.4 Some Studies on Light-Induced SC
11.4.1 Work Mechanism under Dark Condition
11.4.2 Working Principle under Light Environment
11.4.3 Electrochemical Analysis on Photo-Supercapacitor
11.5 Conclusions
Acknowledgment
References
12. Photo-Supercapacitors Based on Perovskite Materials
Tanuj Kumar and Monojit Bag
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Storage Mechanism of the SCs
12.2.1 Electric Double-Layer Capacitors
12.2.2 Pseudocapacitors
12.2.3 Hybrid SCs
12.3 Type of Integration of PV Unit with the SCs
12.3.1 Conventional Integration (External Integration, Isolated Integration)
12.3.2 Monolithic Integration (Advance Integration)
12.4 Characteristic Parameters in Photo-Supercapacitors
12.4.1 Parameters Used for the Storage Unit (SCs)
12.4.1.1 Using the Galvanostatic Charge–Discharge (GCD) Cycles
12.4.1.2 Using the Cyclic Voltammetry (CV) Curve
12.4.1.3 Using the Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS)
12.4.2 Parameters Used for the PVs
12.4.3 Parameters Used for the Integrated Device
12.5 External Integration
12.6 Monolithic Integration
12.6.1 Three-Electrode Integration
12.6.1.1 Organometal Halide Perovskite (OHP) Based PV Integration
12.6.1.2 Mixed-Halide Mixed-Cation Perovskite (MCMHs) Based PV Integration:
Impact of the ETL on the Overall Storage Conversion Efficiency
12.6.1.3 All-Inorganic Perovskite (AIP) Based PV Integration
12.6.1.4 All Transparent Electrode-Based Integration for the Application of PVCC
12.7 Two-Electrode Integration
12.7.1 Non-Flexible Integrated Device
12.7.2 Flexible Integrated Device
12.8 Photorechargeable SC (Dual Functional Electrode)
12.9 Applications of the Integrated Photo-Supercapacitors
12.10 Conclusion
References
Index
Back to Top
Preface
Part 1: Solar Rechargeable Capacitors and Photo-Supercapacitors
1. Photosupercapacitor
Mohamad Mohsen Momeni and Hossein Mohammadzadeh Aydisheh
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Photosupercapacitors
1.3 Designs and Principles of Photosupercapacitor
1.3.1 Three-Electrode Systems
1.3.2 Two-Electrode Systems (Photosupercapacitor Devices)
1.3.2.1 Tandem Photosupercapacitors (Type I)
1.3.2.2 Components of the Tandem Photosupercapacitors
1.3.2.3 Type II: Photoelectrode and Supercapacitor Integrated Into One Single
References
2. Solar Rechargeable Capacitors and Photosupercapacitors
Nirmal Roy, Nandlal Pingua and Rupam Sinha
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Applications of Photorechargeable Capacitors and Photosupercapacitors
2.3 Working Principles
2.3.1 Photovoltaic Cells
2.3.2 Supercapacitors
2.3.3 Integrated Photosupercapacitor
2.4 Techniques for Performance Analysis
2.5 Future Prospect and Conclusions
References
3. Role of Photoactive Materials in Photo-Supercapacitors
Esakkimuthu Shanmugasundaram, Suganya Bharathi Balakrishnan, Amos Ravi and Stalin Thambusamy
Abbreviations
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Working Principle of Photo-Supercapacitors
3.3 Basic Components of Photo-Supercapacitors
3.3.1 Photoanode Materials in Solar Cells
3.3.2 Electrolytes in Solar Cells
3.3.3 Counter and Collector Materials in SCs
3.3.3.1 Metal Oxide-Based Electrodes
3.3.3.2 Polymer-Based Electrodes
3.3.4 Photoactive Materials in Solar Cell
3.3.4.1 Dyes as a Photoactive Material
3.3.4.2 Polymers as a Photoactive Material
3.3.4.3 Perovskite Materials as a Photoactive Material
3.3.4.4 Quantum Dot Materials as a Photoactive Material
3.4 Conclusions
References
Part 2: Solar Rechargeable Batteries and Hybrid Devices
4. Photo-Rechargeable All-Solid-State Batteries Based on Photoelectrochemistry and Solid-State Ionics
Kenta Watanabe and Masaaki Hirayama
4.1 Introduction: Problems of Research on Photo-Rechargeable Batteries
4.2 General Principles of Photoelectrochemical Reactions Using Semiconductor Electrodes
4.2.1 Under Dark Conditions
4.2.2 Under Light Irradiation
4.2.3 Photoelectrochemical Reactions without External Voltages
4.3 ASSBs Using Ionic Conductors as Solid Electrolytes
4.3.1 Bulk Type
4.3.2 Thin-Film Type
4.4 Photo-Rechargeable ASSBs
References
5. Novel Hybrid Perovskites and Inorganic Semiconductors for Photorechargeable Li-Ion Battery Photoelectrodes
Shubham Chamola, Rashid M. Ansari and Shahab Ahmad
5.1 Introduction
5.1.1 Photorechargeable Battery
5.2 MHPs and TMOs as Active Materials for PRBs
5.2.1 Metal Halide Perovskites for PRBs
5.2.1.1 2D Perovskite of Type (C6H9C2H4NH3)2PbI4 and Double Perovskite of Type Cs2Bi2I9 Nanosheets for Li-PRBs
5.2.1.2 Quasi 2D RP Perovskite and MoS2-Based Hybrid Heterojunction for Li-PRBs
5.2.2 Inorganic Photoactive Materials for Li-PRBs
5.2.2.1 Fe2O3-Based Li-PRBs
5.2.2.2 Sb2S3-Based Li-PRBs
5.3 Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
6. 2D Materials for Solar-Assisted Hybrid Energy Storage Devices: Photo-Supercapacitors
Yasar Ozkan Yesilbag, Fatma Nur Tuzluca Yesilbag, Ahmad Huseyin, Ahmed Jalal Salih Salih and Mehmet Ertugrul
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Fundamental Components of PSCs
6.2.1 Solar Cells
6.2.2 Supercapacitors
6.2.3 Photo-Supercapacitors
6.2.4 Efficiency and Factors Affecting Performance
6.2.5 Two-Electrode PSCs
6.2.6 Three-Electrode PSCs
6.2.7 Classification of Planar/Uniaxial PSCs
6.2.7.1 Planar/Uniaxial PSCs Based on DSSC
6.2.7.2 Flexible Single-Layer Photo-Supercapacitors Based on Quantum Dot Solar
6.2.7.3 Flexible Perovskite-Based Solar Cell Photo-Supercapacitor
6.2.8 2D Materials for Photo-Supercapacitors
References
Part 3: Solar-Asisted Integrated Systems
7. Unlocking the Potential of Sustainable Energy: Exploring the Role of Supercapacitors in Enhancing Energy Storage Efficiency of Photovoltaic Systems
R.H.M.D. Premasiri, P.L.A.K. Piyumal, A.L.A.K. Ranaweera and S.R.D. Kalingamudali
7.1 Introduction
7.1.1 Overview of Sustainable Energy Systems
7.1.1.1 Importance of Transitioning to Sustainable Energy
7.1.1.2 Current Trends and Global Initiatives
7.1.2 The Role of PV Systems in Sustainable Energy
7.1.2.1 Basics of PV Technology
7.1.2.2 The Potential of PV Systems to Meet Future Energy Demands
7.1.3 Challenges in PV Systems
7.1.3.1 Fluctuating Irradiance
7.1.3.2 Available Storage Solutions
7.2 Fundamentals of SCs
7.2.1 Overview of SC Technology
7.2.1.1 Structure and Working Principles of SCs
7.2.1.2 Classification and Materials Used in SC Construction
7.2.2 Comparison with Traditional Capacitors and Batteries
7.2.2.1 Differences in Energy and Power Density
7.2.2.2 Lifecycle and Durability Comparisons with Batteries
7.2.3 Advantages of SCs
7.2.3.1 High-Power Density and Rapid Charging
7.2.3.2 Longevity and Low Maintenance Requirements
7.2.3.3 Environmental Benefits Compared to Chemical Batteries
7.3 Integration of SCs in PV Systems
7.3.1 Addressing Instability in PV Systems
7.3.1.1 How SCs Mitigate the Effects of Fluctuating Irradiance
7.3.1.2 Role in Stabilizing Voltage and Improving Power Quality
7.3.2 Role of SCs in Energy Storage
7.3.2.1 Short-Term Vs. Long-Term Energy Storage Needs in PV Systems
7.3.2.2 How SCs Complement Traditional Batteries
7.3.3 Enhancing System Reliability and Efficiency
7.3.3.1 Case Studies of Reliability Improvements with SC Integration
7.3.3.2 Quantitative Benefits in Terms of System Efficiency and Uptime
7.4 Advanced Techniques in SC–PV Integration
7.4.1 SCALOM Technique
7.4.1.1 Advantages of SCALOM in PV Systems
7.4.2 SCALDO Technique
7.4.3 Design Considerations for Parallel Integration
7.4.4 Efficiency Improvements through Energy Harvesting and Waste Reduction
7.5 Applications Beyond PV Systems
7.5.1 SCs in EVs
7.5.1.1 Role in Regenerative Braking Systems
7.5.1.2 Enhancing Energy Efficiency and Reducing Reliance on Batteries
7.5.1.3 Present Innovations with SCs for EVs
7.5.1.4 Future Trends in EV SC Technology
7.5.2 SCs in Uninterruptible Power Supply (UPS) Systems
7.5.2.1 Importance of Power Density and Rapid Discharge Capabilities
7.5.2.2 Use Cases in Critical Power Applications
7.5.3 SCs in Internet of Things (IoT) Devices
7.5.3.1 Power Management for Smart Sensors and Wearable Devices
7.5.3.2 Advantages of Fast Charging and Long Cycle Life in IoT Applications
7.5.3.3 Integration Challenges and Potential Solutions
7.6 Challenges and Limitations
7.6.1 Technical Challenges in SC Integration
7.6.1.1 Issues Related to Scalability and Cost
7.6.1.2 Integration Challenges with Existing PV Infrastructure
7.6.2 Economic Considerations
7.6.2.1 Cost–Benefit Analysis of SC Integration
7.6.2.2 Potential for Cost Reduction through Technological Advancements
7.6.3 Environmental Impact and Sustainability Concerns
7.6.3.1 Lifecycle Analysis of SCs
7.6.3.2 Disposal and Recycling Challenges
7.6.3.3 Environmental Benefits Compared to Alternative Storage Solutions
7.7 Future Prospects and Technological Advancements
7.7.1 Innovations in SC Technology
7.7.1.1 Emerging Materials and Fabrication Techniques
7.7.1.2 Advances in Energy Density and Charge–Discharge Efficiency
7.7.2 Potential Developments in PV Systems and Energy Storage
7.7.2.1 Integration with Other Renewable Energy Sources
7.7.2.2 Future Trends in Distributed Energy Storage
7.7.3 The Role of SCs in Future Energy Systems
7.7.3.1 Potential for SCs in Grid-Level Energy Storage
7.7.3.2 Contribution to Smart Grids and Microgrids
7.8 Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
8. A Combination of Energy Conversion and Storage: A Solar-Driven Supercapacitor
Mohammed Arkham Belgami and Chandra Sekhar Rout
8.1 Introduction
8.2 What are Photosupercapacitors
8.2.1 Major Components of PSCs
8.2.1.1 Solar Cell
8.2.1.2 Supercapacitor
8.3 Different Integration Methods of PSCs
8.3.1 PSCs Involving DSSC-Based Charging Unit
8.3.2 PSCs Involving OPV-Based Charging Unit
8.3.3 PSCs Involving Perovskites-Based Charging Unit
8.4 Efficiency of PSCs
8.5 Challenges and Future Perspectives
References
9. Exploring the Potential of a Battery-Assisted Solar Cooking System
Mohammed Hmich, Bilal Zoukarh, Sara Chadli, Rachid Malek, Olivier Deblecker, Khalil Kassmi and Najib Bachiri
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Innovative Cooker Structure
9.2.1 Specifications
9.2.2 System Schematic
9.3 Cooker Design and Operation
9.3.1 Solar Cooker Test with Battery Storage
9.3.1.1 Weather Station
9.3.1.2 Measurement Bench
9.3.2 Measurement Results and Discussion
9.3.2.1 Battery Charging by Photovoltaic Panels
9.3.2.2 Solar Vacuum Cooker
9.3.2.3 Water Heating
9.4 Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
Part 4: Photoelectrochemical Batteries and Perovskite-Based Photo Supercapacitors
10. Solar Flow Batteries
Tuluhan Olcayto Colak, Emine Karagoz, Ecenaz Yaman, Mehmet Kurt, Cigdem Tuc Altaf, Nurdan Demirci Sankir and Mehmet Sankir
10.1 Introduction
10.1.1 Solar Flow Battery Concept
10.1.2 Energy Conversion Equations
10.2 Photocathodes for SRFBs
10.3 Configuration
10.3.1 Single Photoelectrode with RFB Systems
10.3.2 Dual Photoelectrode Systems with RFB
10.3.3 Metallic Lithium Anode-Based SRFB Systems
10.4 Counter Electrodes
10.4.1 Semiconductors as Counter Electrodes
10.4.2 Carbon-Based Counter Electrodes
10.5 Electrolyte
10.5.1 Inorganic–Inorganic
10.5.2 Organic–Inorganic
10.5.3 Organic–Organic
10.6 Membrane Separators
10.7 Electrochemical Characterization of an SFB
10.7.1 Performance Evaluation
10.7.2 State of Charge
10.7.3 CV Measurements
10.7.4 Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy
10.7.5 Mott–Schottky Methods
10.8 Conclusion
References
11. Perovskite-Based Photo-Supercapacitors as Self-Charging and Energy Storage Devices
Muhamad Yudatama Perdana, Abdurrahman Imam, Mohammed Ashraf Gondal, Ahmar Ali and Mohamed Jaffer Sadiq Mohamed
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Perovskite Materials
11.2.1 Classification of MHPs
11.2.1.1 By Composition
11.2.1.2 By Dimensionality
11.2.1.3 By Crystal Symmetry
11.2.1.4 By Stability
11.2.2 Perovskite Properties as a Light Absorber
11.2.2.1 High Absorption Coefficients
11.2.2.2 Bandgap Tunability
11.2.2.3 High Charge Carrier Mobility
11.2.2.4 Long Carrier Diffusion Lengths (Ldiff)
11.3 Perovskite Materials for Photo-Supercapacitor
11.4 Some Studies on Light-Induced SC
11.4.1 Work Mechanism under Dark Condition
11.4.2 Working Principle under Light Environment
11.4.3 Electrochemical Analysis on Photo-Supercapacitor
11.5 Conclusions
Acknowledgment
References
12. Photo-Supercapacitors Based on Perovskite Materials
Tanuj Kumar and Monojit Bag
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Storage Mechanism of the SCs
12.2.1 Electric Double-Layer Capacitors
12.2.2 Pseudocapacitors
12.2.3 Hybrid SCs
12.3 Type of Integration of PV Unit with the SCs
12.3.1 Conventional Integration (External Integration, Isolated Integration)
12.3.2 Monolithic Integration (Advance Integration)
12.4 Characteristic Parameters in Photo-Supercapacitors
12.4.1 Parameters Used for the Storage Unit (SCs)
12.4.1.1 Using the Galvanostatic Charge–Discharge (GCD) Cycles
12.4.1.2 Using the Cyclic Voltammetry (CV) Curve
12.4.1.3 Using the Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS)
12.4.2 Parameters Used for the PVs
12.4.3 Parameters Used for the Integrated Device
12.5 External Integration
12.6 Monolithic Integration
12.6.1 Three-Electrode Integration
12.6.1.1 Organometal Halide Perovskite (OHP) Based PV Integration
12.6.1.2 Mixed-Halide Mixed-Cation Perovskite (MCMHs) Based PV Integration:
Impact of the ETL on the Overall Storage Conversion Efficiency
12.6.1.3 All-Inorganic Perovskite (AIP) Based PV Integration
12.6.1.4 All Transparent Electrode-Based Integration for the Application of PVCC
12.7 Two-Electrode Integration
12.7.1 Non-Flexible Integrated Device
12.7.2 Flexible Integrated Device
12.8 Photorechargeable SC (Dual Functional Electrode)
12.9 Applications of the Integrated Photo-Supercapacitors
12.10 Conclusion
References
Index
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